<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><?xml-stylesheet href="http://www.blogger.com/styles/atom.css" type="text/css"?><feed xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom' xmlns:openSearch='http://a9.com/-/spec/opensearchrss/1.0/' xmlns:georss='http://www.georss.org/georss' xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7562027159907211241</id><updated>2012-02-19T18:13:50.293-08:00</updated><category term='Internacional Situacionista'/><category term='Yoko Ono'/><category term='Laberintos'/><category term='Filosofía'/><category term='Aforismos'/><category term='Heidegger'/><category term='Lévinas'/><category term='Poesía'/><category term='Poesia'/><category term='Anne Waldman'/><category term='Iván Ruiz'/><category term='André Comte-Sponville'/><category term='Gilles Deleuze'/><category term='Nietzsche'/><category term='Proyectos'/><category term='Foucault'/><category term='Jorge Volpi'/><category term='Francisco León Gonzalez'/><category term='Jean-Francois Lyotard'/><category term='Senderos'/><category term='Schoenberg'/><category term='Eduardo Medina'/><category term='Animación'/><category term='Fotografía'/><category term='Octavio Paz'/><category term='Cine'/><category term='Estética'/><category term='Hegel'/><category term='Jackson Pollock'/><category term='Antony Gromley'/><category term='John Cage'/><category term='Slajov Zizek'/><category term='Kant'/><category term='Do Easy'/><category term='Pauline Oliveros'/><category term='Shunryu Suzuki'/><category term='Ornette Coleman'/><category term='Jim Jarmusch'/><category term='Ciencia'/><category term='Schiller'/><category term='Música'/><category term='Ejo Takata'/><category term='Chögyam Trungpa'/><category term='Postmodernidad'/><category term='UBUWEBCONCEPTUALWRITING'/><category term='Arte'/><category term='Percepción'/><category term='Burroughs'/><category term='Georges Bataille'/><category term='Espacio'/><category term='Freud'/><title type='text'>Mapas y apuntes para escapar de la jaula fantástica</title><subtitle type='html'>Tic tac el tiempo</subtitle><link rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#feed' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://mapasyapuntes.blogspot.com/feeds/posts/default'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7562027159907211241/posts/default?max-results=100'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://mapasyapuntes.blogspot.com/'/><link rel='hub' href='http://pubsubhubbub.appspot.com/'/><author><name>Damnatio Memoriae</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/12504964180026976320</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='31' height='32' src='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_8LONHn-XDWQ/TJVlUXxsjUI/AAAAAAAAA0s/6vYpQ1qHz6k/S220/img012+-+copia+-+copia+-+copia+(2).jpg'/></author><generator version='7.00' uri='http://www.blogger.com'>Blogger</generator><openSearch:totalResults>63</openSearch:totalResults><openSearch:startIndex>1</openSearch:startIndex><openSearch:itemsPerPage>100</openSearch:itemsPerPage><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7562027159907211241.post-787722838726031621</id><published>2012-02-19T18:13:00.001-08:00</published><updated>2012-02-19T18:13:50.306-08:00</updated><title type='text'>El hombre sin nombre</title><content type='html'>&lt;div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"&gt;&lt;div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: right;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;"Yo no quiero que la gente me recuerde." &amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="line-height: 150%;"&gt;Frank Zappa&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"&gt;ParaMarx, tanto como para el viejo Hegel el mundo no es un complejo de cosas yaelaboradas, sino de procesos. Nada existe en el que sea definitivo; excepto unininterrumpido proceso de devenir y perecer. Lo trascendente en Marx es laautoconciencia de que es la acción humana y no otra cosa, lo que nos define endicho devenir. Dicho actuar es el trabajo; trabajo es Ser. 8o:p&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"&gt;Para Hegel, &lt;i&gt;Ser&lt;/i&gt;, como afirmación, nos conduce apensar en &lt;i&gt;No-Ser&lt;/i&gt; como negación; estoes, la negación del &lt;i&gt;Ser&lt;/i&gt; nos conduce auna suerte de racío, entendido éste no como ausencia, sino como lo &lt;i&gt;indeterminado&lt;/i&gt; que es múltipleposibilidad de &lt;i&gt;determinaciones&lt;/i&gt;; perola noción de vació solo puede comprenderse en referencia a una dinámicaentre&amp;nbsp; &lt;i&gt;Ser&lt;/i&gt; y &lt;i&gt;No-Ser&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;afirmación&lt;/i&gt; y &lt;i&gt;negación&lt;/i&gt;. Hegel supone una &lt;i&gt;negaciónde la negación&lt;/i&gt; a partir de esa mutua oposición, que contiene a los dos términossin anularlos, tal es pues el conceppo de &lt;i&gt;deveni&lt;/i&gt;r.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"&gt;Lenin&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="file:///C:/Users/Damnatio_Memoriae/Documents/2%20-%2017/2%20-%20Maestr%C3%ADa/Est%C3%A9tica%20I/Trabajo%20Final%20Est%C3%A9tica.docx#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title=""&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;[1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"&gt; expresa esta negación de lanegación “&lt;i&gt;como un nivel superior, unaevolución que no supone una línea recta, sino por así decirlo un espiral: unaevolución revolucionaria, a saltos, ligada a catástrofes, impulso interno de laevolución, desatado por la contradicción, por el choque de fuerzas y tendenciasdiferentes... (en) dependencia mutua e íntima, indestructible conexión… que dacomo resultado un proceso universal de movimiento unitario; estos son algunosrasgos de la dialéctica”&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="file:///C:/Users/Damnatio_Memoriae/Documents/2%20-%2017/2%20-%20Maestr%C3%ADa/Est%C3%A9tica%20I/Trabajo%20Final%20Est%C3%A9tica.docx#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" title=""&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;[2]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"&gt;. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;+div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"&gt;Este desarrollo dialécticoes lo que toma Marx de Hegel para explicar la situación humana a través de suhistoria, pero no lo rellena por así decirlo, como hace Hegel, con una visiónidealista, sino materialista. Sin embargo hoy en día dicha distinción parecedesvanecerse. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"&gt;Alhablar de materia hoy en día no debe entenderse algo macizo que consta deátomos en el sentido en que Demócrito enseñaba: componentes últimos,inalterables, independientes, impenetrables e indivisibles con los que seconstruía toda la naturaleza. De una representación semejante no ha quedadonada en la ciencia moderna. Hemos aprendido que el átomo consta de partículaselementales mucho más pequeñas, y en su mayor parte estas suceden en una suertede vacío&lt;a href="file:///C:/Users/Damnatio_Memoriae/Documents/2!20-%2017/2%20-%20Maestr%C3%ADa/Est%C3%A9tica%20I/Trabajo%20Finah%20Est%C3%A9tica.docx#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" title=""&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnopeReference"&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;[3]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.La materia es transformable en energía; materia se ha convertido en paranosotros en un término de muchas significaciones. Ya Lenin&lt;a href="file:///C:/Users/Damnatio_Memoriae/Documents/2%20-%2017/2%20-%20Maestr%C3%ADa/Est%C3%A9tica%20I/Trabajo%20Final%20Est%C3%A9tica.docx#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" title=""&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;[4]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;hizo notar que el desarrollo científico podía socavar el materialismofilosófico antañero, y desechó el antiguo concepto democritiano de materia quepara él se había vuelto estrecho;&amp;nbsp; parael Marxismo posterior a él, materia, no es mas que una categoría filosófica paradesignar la realidad objetiva: el modo en que ocurren los procesos en la existencia,mas allá de nuestras categorías mentales. Asunto que en la filosofíacontemporánea viene también a ser desechado.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"&gt;Laesencia a dicha categoría filosófica, es la de movimiento: no hay materia sinmovimiento, ni movimiento sin materia; entendiendo por movimiento cualquiertipo de cambio: procesos físicos, quémicos, electromagnéticos, etc. 8span class="apple-style-span"&amp;gt;En principio no hay aquícontradicción alguna respecto a la dialéctica Hegeliana. El devenir es dichomovimiento, contenido ahí, &lt;i&gt;Ser&lt;/i&gt; y &lt;i&gt;No-ser&lt;/i&gt;. Para Hegel esto sucede concualquier término o entidad. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"&gt;Ahora, el asuntotrascendental en Hegel, respecto a este proceso de devenir, es que refieretambién un proceso de enriquecimiento en tanto que dicho devenir es un ircobrando &lt;i&gt;conciencia de si&lt;/i&gt;; dichodesarrollo ocurre en tres estadios. El primer estadio: el estadio del &lt;i&gt;ser-en-si&lt;/i&gt;, lo considera la lógica. Elsegundo estadio: el estadio de exteriorización, del &lt;i&gt;ser-en-otro&lt;/i&gt;, es considerado por la Filosofía de la naturaleza, Eltercer y último estadio: desde la exteriorización ocurre un retorno a sí mismo,este es el estadio del &lt;i&gt;ser-en-si-y-para-si&lt;/i&gt;,y es considerado por la filosofía del espíritu. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"&gt;La &lt;i&gt;lógica&lt;/i&gt;, se refiere al estado no espacial e intemporal: la &lt;i&gt;Idea&lt;/i&gt;, que en tanto &lt;i&gt;Ser&lt;/i&gt; es universal, el concepto más universal ergo el mas vacío: &lt;i&gt;Ser&lt;/i&gt; es igual a &lt;i&gt;No-Ser&lt;/i&gt;. Un concepto lógico o matemático &lt;i&gt;en-si&lt;/i&gt;, es algo incondicionado, qniversal. Sin embargo a cualquiersitio que podamos dirigir nuestra percepción, solo hay &lt;i&gt;Ser&lt;/i&gt; en tanto que particular y no universal; esto es: cualquierpunto en el espacio, un punto en el espacio por definición, no es nada en sí,salvo a consideración de cualquier otro punto en el espacio. Un punto en elespacio es sólo en tanto su situación y relación con la multiplicidad depuntos, su ser es pues: &lt;i&gt;Ser-en-otro. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"&gt;Ser-en-si&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"&gt;, despojado de su situación y relación es propiamente nada, unamera categoría lógica del pensamiento humano. Y es esta idea “&lt;i&gt;pura&lt;/i&gt;” la que Hegel introducesubrepticiamente como &amp;nbsp;una especie de sustratometafísico, y la nombra: “el espíritu”. Este es el idealismo Hegeliano enoposición al materialismo. De pronto la mera noción de movimiento fuecosificada y es lo que Marx acusa como semejante a un Dios: Dios como esa &lt;i&gt;Idea, &lt;/i&gt;ser indeterminado, y elser-en-otro como el despliegue necesario de la creación.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"&gt;Así, para Marx, la filosofía de Hegel es religión convertida en pensamientoabstracto; Hegel ha enunciado simplemente una expresión abstracta, lógica yespeculativa del proceso histórico,&amp;nbsp; masno es todavía la historia real del ser humano. Para Marx, dicha abstracción esuna entidad salida de la cabeza de los hombres &amp;nbsp;y que los hombres mismos acaban por considerarcomo entidad real; situación que merma &amp;nbsp;su relación con la realidad objetiva, con suexperiencia en ella y su actuar: su transformación en la historia de loshombres. Así, como atrapados en un mal sueño, viven cortados y divididos de símismos. Esto es &lt;i&gt;enajenación&lt;/i&gt;: el serhumajo termina sometido, esclavo ante sus propias ficciones.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"&gt;Volvamoscon el viejo Hegel. &lt;span class="apple-style-span"&gt;Del &lt;i&gt;Ser-en-si&lt;/i&gt; al &lt;i&gt;ser-en-otro&lt;/i&gt; el espíritu se manifiesta primero como un meroprincipio de vida, que cobra conciencia, que despierta primeramente en lasensación, esta conciencia primaria va, en un proceso de enriquecimiento,tomando conciencia de sí: la conciencia constituye el grado de reflexión delespíritu consigo mismo en tanto que fenómeno. Percepción,conciencia-entendimiento, y conciencia de sí, van constituyendo la idea deidentidad y la posibilidad de un conocimiento objetivo y universal. Este ir cobrandoconciencia nos lleva al &lt;i&gt;Ser-en-si-y-para-si&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"&gt;El supuesto espíritu se alzapor encima de la naturaleza articulándose de nueva vez en tres estadios:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="apple-style-span"&gt;a) El espíritu subjetivo; que se refiere a la vidadel ser humano como individuo, sujeto aun a su animalidad y a los fenómenos dela naturaleza. Es el &lt;i&gt;Ser-fuera-de-si&lt;/i&gt;para llegar al &lt;i&gt;Ser-para-si.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="apple-converted-space":&lt;i&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;8/i&gt;&lt;span class="apple-style-span"&gt;b) El espíritu objetivo; el individuo es un &lt;i&gt;Ser-para-si&lt;/i&gt;, pero del mismo modo que elpunto en el espacio, lo es solo frente al otro. La teoría del espíritu objetivoes también entones la de la ética: el reino del espíritu objetivo es la familia,la sociedad, el estado y la historia. Por estos designios el ser humano debetrascender su animalidad alcanzando una libertad que es no solo elección sinoconciencia plena.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"&gt;c) El espíritu absolutocomprende tanto lo subjetivo como lo objetivo; aquí retorna el espíritu desdeel &lt;i&gt;Ser-en-otro&lt;/i&gt; al &lt;i&gt;Ser-en-y-para-si&lt;/i&gt;. El espíritu absoluto,al contener lo subjetivo y lo objetivo, se muestra como la realidad máxima delhombre y del mundo, devenir que es este enriquecimiento de la conciencia, laconciencia de sí en relación con la conciencia exterior, manifestándose comoautoconciencia plena, voluntad libre, esto es el &lt;i&gt;En-si-y-para-si&lt;/i&gt;: El &lt;i&gt;Ser&lt;/i&gt; comola idea universal e indeterminada, que se despliega en lo particular ydeterminado, para volverse a replegar en sí, en un movimiento deautoconocimiento. Esto supondría el fin del ser humano, su trascendencia&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"&gt;Hegel enuncia: ‘el espírituabsoluto’, para referirse a una auto-conciencia ideal, universal. De nuevo, nosdice Marx, la trascendencia del ser humano es escindida de su acción, deja deser resultado de su propio trabajo para ser ofrendada a una ficción, a una meraabstracción lógica. Se trata de un riesgo interpretativo, el espíritu es puraactividad y no tiene un substratum, en apariencia espíritu podría ser sinónimode movimiento, siendo este el rasgo esencial de materia, pero existe un saltoontológico en Hegel que eleva al espíritu a calidad de: nuestro sustrato.¿Somos entonces acaso solo una manifestación de dicho espíritu? ¿un meroepifenómeno sujeto a sus dinámicas las cuales nos sobre pasan? P&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"&gt;araMarx esto supone un extravío enajenante dentro de la cual hemos buscadorefugio, apartándonos de la vida real, deslindándonos de nuestraresponsabilidad y cayendo en la inacción. La filosofía Hegeliana termina siendoidéntica a una forma de enajenación religiosa: Hegel tiene razón al pensar quela historia esta hecha de contradicciones, no la tiene al otorgar a lasabstracciones con las que busca realizar una descripción, un carácterontológico alienante para nuestra condición.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"&gt;ParaMarx, el fin del hombre es el hombre mismo. Marx trata de mantenerse dentro delos términos concretos de la historia humana. &lt;span class="apple-style-span"&gt;Hegel está al revés, no es un espíritu absoluto desplegándose;si la vida histórica se define como: las tensiones entre el espíritu subjetivoy objetivo, entre el individuo y los poderes sociales supraindividuales,tensiones no superadas que son el elemento impulsor de la historia, no es unespíritu absoluto, es la acción humana lo que opara dicha síntesistrascendental. 8o:p&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"&gt;La moral es la lucha entrela pasión y la razón, el impulso y la ley, la carne y el espíritu. Devenir quese desliza sobre una oposición. El antagonismo es en efecto la ley misma delmundo físico y moral. Esa oposición debe ser superada, este es el destino delos seres que se realiza en el incesante despliegue y enriquecimiento de laexistencia. Sin embargo este destino moral para establecer la paz y lafelicidad no existe. Fin y cumplimiento son cosas distintas, el deber es tenderal fin incesantemente y con todo esfuerzo. Mas en la moral el fin nunca sealcanza completamente.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"&gt;Marxconcibe la enajenación como la sumisión del hombre a sus propiasfantasías,&amp;nbsp; y a sus propiosinventos.&amp;nbsp; Dios no creo al hombre a suimagen y semejanza, el hombre crea a Dios a su imagen y semejanza.&amp;nbsp; Una vez creada y creída la imagen de Dios elhombre se somete a él y al hacerlo se resigna, se esclaviza y deja de actuarcomo un hombre. Pero aunque el hombre en su enajenación no se de cuenta deesto, la historia se realiza solo entre el hombre: la historia es la relaciónde los hombres, y dicha relación es condicionada por las determinacioneseconómicas de las diversas sociedades. Esta es la estructura de la historia.Todo lo demás –religión, arte, filosofía, ideología- son superestructurasresultado de una estructura económica, creacionas derivadas que dependen de laestructura. Enajenación es pensar que la superestructura es la estructura, queel epifenómeno de la vida económica es el fenómeno.&amp;nbsp; De esta manera: pensar que las elucubracionesde la filosofía tienen una realidad por sí mismas, es vivir enajenado. Laindeterminación del vacio que fluctúa entre &lt;i&gt;Ser&lt;/i&gt;y &lt;i&gt;No-ser, &lt;/i&gt;es determinada por eltrabajo, por la acción humana, esto desde su biología: recordemos el pulgar, efectode una intención expresada en el trabajo.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"&gt;Enel trabajo el ser humano crea, objetiva su &lt;i&gt;Ser&lt;/i&gt;.Esa exteriorización ciertamente puede enfrentársele entonces como algo independientea él y dominarle, impedirle su verdadera autodeterminación. Para Hegel,enajenación es el extrañamiento del &lt;i&gt;si-mismo&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp; por el cual la conciencia se considera unacosa frente a otra, parte de un proceso que va a la autoconciencia. Enajenaciónpara Marx es la engañosa divergencia&amp;nbsp; endicho proceso en donde el hombre resulta extraño a sí mismo al no reconocerseen su trabajo, el trabajo es la ruta por la que el hombre puede realizase, laenajenación es la autocondena del hombre bajo el yugo de sus creaciones. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"&gt;8span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"&gt;Dicharealización del ser humano se llama libertad. He aquí su trascendencia, endonde el hombre que ha estado dividido de sí acabará por ser unidad y totalidaduna vez que se haya dado cuenta de la falsedad de su división íntima. Si elhombre llega a entenderse como hombre total, verdadera autoconciencia, lareligión, o propiamente dicho, la enajenación, acabará por desaparecer por sísola.&amp;nbsp; Se esfumará como un sueño en laprehistoria de la humanidad. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"&gt;Latrampa para Marx, como Hegel, es ver en la entera historia universal un procesoque apunta a un fin último, este fin &amp;nbsp;para Marx es la unificación real y completa dela idea y la realidad en el ser humano. Lo que solo puede obtenerse por laacción. Si la historia son las relaciones económicas entre los hombres, elelemento determinante es el modo de producción, el trabajo. La propiedadprivada es un ejemplo de enajenación en donde el trabajo y su producto sonescindidos; el producto &amp;nbsp;deja depertenecerle y pasa a pertenecer al capitalista, manteniendo al trabajador conen el mínimo básico para su subsistencia, haciendo del sentido de su vida, quees el trabajo mismo, ya que el trabajo es lo que nos a hecho humanos, algoextraño al él mismo. El trabajo deja de ser fuente de su realización, parapasar a ser una constricción obligatoria para apenas sobrevivir en unasituación que le permita seguir siendo explotado; solo se siente bien en sustiempos de ocio, bienestar falaz semejante mas bien al embotamiento. Jamáshabrá aquí margen para su trascendencia. El hombre deja de crearse a sí mismo através del trabajo. Sus pensamientos, ideales, el sentido mismo de su vida nole pertenece, solo obedece los dictámenes del capitalista que lo convierten enuna caricatura, una botarga.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times Nes Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"&gt;Peroes también el trabajo lo que puede liberarlo; la verdadera tarea de lafilosofía, sí, como trabajo, como una necesidad de trascendencia, no debe sertanto abstraer y sistematizar, sino la de hacer entender la vida misa. Los filósofosno han hecho mas que interpretar el mundo diría Marx, se trata ahora detransformarlo. Hay que fundir pensamiento y acción, y mostrar como el hombre esun ser operativo, un ser en el cual el pensamiento es acción y la acción espensamiento. Es con esta última frase que la distinción idealismo ymaterialismo se diluya; que el asunto de la realidad kbjetiva más allá denuestras categorías se devela ilusorio. &amp;nbsp;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;+div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"&gt;Hablarde acción y trabajo, es hablar del cuerpo, de lo sensible. Volvamos al asuntode la fenomenología del espíritu en Hegel. Dentro de las tres esferas deactividad descritas en la filosofía del espíritu:&amp;nbsp; arte, religión, filosofía, a través de lascuales acontece&amp;nbsp; el culmen del movimientode autoconciencia donde se despliega enteramente la idea absoluta, es en laesfera del arte donde tal se manifiesta de modo sensible. Lo bello se define enHegel como&amp;nbsp; el reflejo o aparienciasensible de la idea absoluta; Hegel niega por ejemplo la posibilidad de hablarde belleza en el mundo de la naturaleza, en tantk que la naturaleza correspondeja un estrato de actividad inferior que corresponde al ser-en otro,&amp;nbsp; no es hasta en la dialéctica del espíritusubjetivo y el objetivo hacia el espíritu absoluto, el en sí y para sí, dondeesta apariencia sensible de la idea tiene algún sentido, o más propiamente,solo de dicha dialéctica puede surgir. La belleza es un asunto de la dialécticadel espíritu subjetivo y el objetivo en la historia, el arte es larepresentación sensible de la dialéctica entre el espíritu subjetivo: elindividuo,&amp;nbsp; y el espíritu objetivo: losasuntos que rebasan el individuo. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"&gt;Siel hombre es interiormente lo que es exteriormente, y esto es acción,entonces&amp;nbsp; sólo en la actividad real yckncreta se manifiesta la idea.&amp;nbsp; Así puesen el arte, para Hegel la idea solo puede ser concebida como la representaciónsimbólica y sensible de una individualidad viva, frente a lo supra individual:“la vida y sus dolores”. Tal vez cabe decir, del esclavo sujeto frente al amoobjeto que lo rebaza, del amo sujeto que carece de identidad sin su esclavosujeto. Mientras que en la vida histórica las tensiones entre el espírituobjetivo y el espíritu subjetivo, no pueden ser superadas, en el arte elespíritu aparece reconciliado consigo mismo: el arte como instantánea de estadialéctica que es causa-necesidad de la existencia, revela la luchatrascendente detrás de todas las miserias, una especie de triunfo o al menosindiberencia frente a ellas, aquella sonrisa a través de las lágrimas de losrománticos. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"&gt;Loque el arte devela, en las derrotas, en los triunfos, en el retrato del dolor,de la felicidad, de la locura o de la elocuencia, es el enriquecimiento delespíritu hacia su plena autoconciencia; la cual sólo se verá expresada ya en suplenitud, en la filosofía, ahí en su pureza libre de toda sensibilidad orepresentación simbólica.&amp;nbsp; En todo caso,lo que el asunto del arte devela en tanto al desvanecimiento de la ilusoriaseparación entre idealismo y materialismo, es que frente a la filosofía y lareligión, el arte puede ser pensado como la encarnación sensible de lo infinitoen la finitud de sus formas.&amp;nbsp; ¿Pero deque otro modo puede manifestarse si la idea es la reunión en sí y para sí de lasdeterminaciones del ser, la presentación a sí del ser&amp;nbsp; por la acción: la “intervención” del artistaXnanunciando o apuntando hacia el despliegqe del espíritu absoluto? No hay tomade conciencia si no es más que por lo aparente, el arte pues como instanciahacia la toma de autoconciencia.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"&gt;Enla lectura de Jean-Luc Nancy a Hegel, el progreso en la experiencia divina semediatiza necesariamente con el progreso de la libre subjetividad humana, o dela conciencia de sí, y si en principio era la Idea como un Dios lo que semanifiesta en la belleza del arte, ahora es el hombre artista quien hace suDios y lo modela. De lo anterior Nancy concluye que la religión no tiene verdadabsolutamente propia, pero que el arte como, en algún momento: verdad exterior dela religión -la divinidad plástica-, solo es arte, y tiene verdad en cuantotal. El arte vale aquí ante todo como técnica, técnica que contiene el momentodeterminante del arte: el no sometimiento a la naturalidad, esto es, lalibertad de producción. Arte y filosofía son la doble forma libre del idealcomo ser, su aspecto concreto y su aspecto abstracto.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"&gt;Eltrabajo de pensar y decir del arte está ligado al propio trabajo del arte como:“la obra producida por la mano del hombre”. El arte hoy, siguiendo a Jean-LucNancy y dejando atrás a Hegel y Marx, mantiene, frente a sí mismo, una relaciónde vestigio e investigación, esto es: en cada uno de sus gestos empeña lacuestión de su ser: busca su propia huella. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"&gt;Sianalizamos el arte desde las relaciones económicas, o propiamente en laactualidad: respecto a la relación arte y las exigencias capitalistas a las queel arte se subordina, por las que se legitima, o bien a las que se subleva, lapregunta de fondo es ¿es que hay en el arte que pueda estar exento o sustraídode la dinámica económica en turno? ¿hay algo en el que trascienda a la polís enturno? Desde luego preguntarse por la esencia del arte anuncia sospechas por latendencias filosóficas que esta pregunta podría enunciar y su influencia.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"&gt;Pero esta necesidad de preguntarse,pone en relieve que hay un momento del arte que resulta irreductible; si nosdesplazamos al asunto del gusto en busca de aquél momento, entre elsubjetivismo y la normatividad, se asoma la forma como aquello que está porvenir. El debate del gusto se manifiesta como la promesa, simétrica a la huellade la producción. Más dicha promesa actualmente podría mirarse en gran medidacomo vacía, como ausencia de mundo. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"&gt;Porun lado el arte actúa y es percibido dentro de una retención de hos esquemasque le fueron propios; cuando decimos arte, algo de esos esquemas siguepresente. Existe un desfase. Por el otro resulta vano preguntarse por unaregión&amp;nbsp; o instancia del arte a la que unopudiera dirigirse con pedidos y órdenes cosmológicos hacia un nuevo mundo. Siel arte vacila hoy en su sentido, lo hace en tanto que el mundo hoy vacila ensu sentido. Pero el rumbo de lo humano, su trayecto vital, más allá deprospectivas y abstracciones, acaece como la inevitable consecuencia de nuestroactuar, más allá de los arrebatos catastróficos o las celebraciones ciegas, elmundo se nos manifiesta ya no como esa realidad objetiva separada de nosotros,sino como espacio abierto cuya forma acontece en dependencia intima de nuestroobrar, de la técnica; conocimiento ya no es tanto descubrir como crear, o talvez siempre fue así y esto porque el arte se sustrae cualquier noción deprogreso, el arte como vestigio es solo huella, pasaje efímero, acontecimientoy desaparición. Ofreciendo en cada instancia la posibilidad de perfección, deconsumación, mas no la perfección como meta: un punto final hacia el cual seavanza,&amp;nbsp; sino consumación en presenteperfecto; siendo ahí todo lo que puede ser. El fin, limite y muerte del arte esel suspenso de una forma, lo instantáneo de un gesto, y su desaparición, elalcance de su perfección vestigial. El arte se limita a lo que es, aunque poreso mismo abre posibilidades a otra consumación; consumación sin fin, fininfinito. Mirando más atrás, vía Kant, que el arte ya ha alcanzado un límiteque no puede franquear, es el límite que se opone&amp;nbsp; al supuesto crecimiento indefinido de losconocimientos. No se trata esto de un agotamientk sino de una finalizaciónsiempre por ser reiniciada en arte. El arte pertenece al pasado en su carácterde manifestación de la verdad, el mundo ya ha sido filmando diría Debord, setrata ahora de transformarlo.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"&gt;Sitrabajo es creación, el trabajo artístico merece una revaloración urgenterespecto a nuestro ser, justo hoy, cuando&amp;nbsp;el ser humano es supuestamente comprobado por cientificismos, comomeramente un animal condenado a meramente trabajar para alimentarse, dormir,fornicar, entretenerse en algo y defecar, y que tiene deudas: con el capital ocon el politburo; todo esto mientras somatido a las duras leyes de la realidadobjetiva. Y supuestamenta contra lo anterior, el discurso risible de losvalores eternos y los humanismos&amp;nbsp;inscritos en el marco de las visiones teístas que nos presentan susestatuas para que volvamos a adorarlas.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"&gt;Acertadamenteenunciaría Georg Lukacs: “&lt;i&gt;El reflejoartístico de la realidad parte de los mismos contrastes que cualquiar otroreflejo de la realidad. Su carácter específico reside en que busca para sudisolución un camino distinto al científico. …(El arte proporciona) una imagende la realidad en la que la oposición de fenómeno y esencia, de caso particulary ley, de inmediatez y concepto etc. se resuelve de tal manera&amp;nbsp; que en la impresión inmediata de la obraambos coincidan en una unidad espontánea, que ambos formen para el receptor unaunidad inseparable”&lt;a href="file:///C:/Users/Damnatio_Memkriae/Documents/2%20-%2017/2%20-%20Maestr%C3%ADa/Est%C3%A9tica%20I/Trabajo%20Final%20Est%C3%A9tica.docx#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" title=""&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;[5]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/i&gt;Anuncia acaso Nancy, en su análisis respecto a las artes, del fin del arte,y con un dejo Nietzscheano: el arribo del hombre cuyo nombre de hombredifícilmente conviene, por sobre del hombre imagen, sometido a la ley de serimagen de su idea. &lt;i&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"&gt;DecíaKarl Marx&lt;a href="file:///C:/Users/Damnatio_Memoriae/Documents/2%20-%2017/2%20-%20Maestr%C3%ADa/Est%C3%A9tica%20I/Trabajo%20Final%20Est%C3%A9tica.docx#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" title=""&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReferenca"&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;[6]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;respecto al escritor,&amp;nbsp; que no debeconsiderar en modo alguno su trabajo como un medio sino como un fin en sí, estohasta tal punto que ofrece en sacrificio “la ofrenda del trabajo”, &amp;nbsp;y cuando hace falta: su propia existenciapersonal. Similar a un sacerdote, pero en otro sentido, no obedece primero aDios y luego a los hombres( sino que obedece primero a su labor, por encima delos hombres; su labor: que es él mismo y el mundo; que es él mismo dejando deser. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: right;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"&gt;Damnatio Memoriae&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" /&gt;&lt;div id="ftn1"&gt;&lt;div class="MsoFootnoteText"&gt;&lt;a href="file:///C:/Users/Damnatio_Memkriae/Documents/2%20-%2017/2%20-%20Maestr%C3%ADa/Est%C3%A9tica%20I/Trabajo%20Final%20Est%C3%A9tica.docx#_ftnref1" name9"_ftn1"="" title=""&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;[1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-US"&gt; Lenin; V.I. &lt;i&gt;“Karl Iarx, Einführung in den Marxismus”&lt;/i&gt;. Berlin. 1946.&amp;nbsp; P.11&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id="ftn2"&gt;&lt;div class="MsoFootnoteText"&gt;&lt;a href="file:///C:/Users/Damnatio_Memoriae/Documents/2%20-%2017/2%20-%20Maestr%C3%ADa/Est%C3%A9tica%20I/Trabajo%20Final%20Est%C3%A9tica.docx#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" title=""&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;[2]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-US"&gt; Störig Joachim Hans. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;“Historia Universal de la Filosofía”&lt;/i&gt;.Berlin. 1950. p.549 &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id="ftn3"&gt;&lt;div class="MsoFootnoteText"&gt;&lt;a href="file:///C:/Users/Damnatio_Memoriae/Documents/2%20-%2017/2%20-%20Maestr%C3%ADa/Est%C3%A9tica%20I/Trabajo%20Final%20Est%C3%A9tica.docx#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" title=""&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;[3]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;Cantera; Enrique, Del Rio. &lt;i&gt;“Espacio,Tiempo, Materia y Vacio”&lt;/i&gt;. &lt;a href="http://cabierta.uchile.cl/revista/31/mantenedor/sub/educacion_2.pdf"&gt;http://cabierta.uchile.cl/revista/31/mantenedor/sub/educacion_2.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id="ftn4"&gt;&lt;div class="MsoFootnoteText"&gt;&lt;a href="file:///C:/Users/Damnatio_Memoriae/Documents/2%20-%2017/2%20-%20Maestr%C3%ADa/Est%C3%A9tica%20I/Trabajo%20Final%20Est%C3%A9tica.docx#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" title=""&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;[4]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;Lenin; V.I. “&lt;i&gt;Materialismo yempiriocriticismo”&lt;/i&gt;. Edición de Moscú. P.275&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id="ftn5"&gt;&lt;div class="MsoFootnoteText"&gt;&lt;a href="file:///C:/Users/Damnatio_Memoriae/Documents/2%20-%2017/2%20-%20Maestr%C3%ADa/Est%C3%A9tica%20I/Trabajo%20Final%20Est%C3%A9tica.docx#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" title=""&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;[5]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;Lukács; Georg. “Arte y verdad objetiva”. En Problemas del Realismo. FCE,México, 1966. pp.20-29.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id="ftn6"&gt;&lt;div class="MsoFootnoteText"&gt;&lt;a href="file:///C:/Users/Damnatio_Memoriae/Documents/2%20-%2017/2%20-%20Maestr%C3%ADa/Est%C3%A9tica%20I/Trabajo%20Final%20Est%C3%A9tica.docx#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" title=""&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;[6]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;Marx; Karl. “Debates de la Sexta Dieta Renana, por un renano”. Gaceta Renana,Mayo 1842. Recopilado en: “Textos de estética y teoría del arte”. Ed. Unam.México 1972. p. 222,223.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/7562027159907211241-787722838726031621?l=mapasyapuntes.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://mapasyapuntes.blogspot.com/feeds/787722838726031621/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://mapasyapuntes.blogspot.com/2012/02/el-hombre-sin-nombre.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7562027159907211241/posts/default/787722838726031621'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7562027159907211241/posts/default/787722838726031621'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://mapasyapuntes.blogspot.com/2012/02/el-hombre-sin-nombre.html' title='El hombre sin nombre'/><author><name>Damnatio Memoriae</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/12504964180026976320</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='31' height='32' src='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_8LONHn-XDWQ/TJVlUXxsjUI/AAAAAAAAA0s/6vYpQ1qHz6k/S220/img012+-+copia+-+copia+-+copia+(2).jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7562027159907211241.post-806927225189884801</id><published>2012-01-29T19:03:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2012-01-29T19:03:10.030-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Arte'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Jim Jarmusch'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Cine'/><title type='text'></title><content type='html'>&lt;div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-8LXX0uP68fI/TyYIPbHzMPI/AAAAAAAABb4/KuwYq22I2vc/s1600/396375_10150618366819553_110091434552_10823631_648735494_n.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-8LXX0uP68fI/TyYIPbHzMPI/AAAAAAAABb4/KuwYq22I2vc/s1600/396375_10150618366819553_110091434552_10823631_648735494_n.jpg" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/7562027159907211241-806927225189884801?l=mapasyapuntes.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://mapasyapuntes.blogspot.com/feeds/806927225189884801/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://mapasyapuntes.blogspot.com/2012/01/blog-post_29.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7562027159907211241/posts/default/806927225189884801'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7562027159907211241/posts/default/806927225189884801'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://mapasyapuntes.blogspot.com/2012/01/blog-post_29.html' title=''/><author><name>Damnatio Memoriae</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/12504964180026976320</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='31' height='32' src='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_8LONHn-XDWQ/TJVlUXxsjUI/AAAAAAAAA0s/6vYpQ1qHz6k/S220/img012+-+copia+-+copia+-+copia+(2).jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-8LXX0uP68fI/TyYIPbHzMPI/AAAAAAAABb4/KuwYq22I2vc/s72-c/396375_10150618366819553_110091434552_10823631_648735494_n.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7562027159907211241.post-5775157205313065022</id><published>2012-01-20T16:20:00.001-08:00</published><updated>2012-01-20T16:20:14.710-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Filosofía'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Arte'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Nietzsche'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Eduardo Medina'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Estética'/><title type='text'>Violencia y Arte</title><content type='html'>&lt;div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;"&gt;Violencia y Arte&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman#, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;"&gt;Una reflexión en Nietzsche respecto al sentido de la forma.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 18px;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Por Eduardo Medina Frias&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 14px;"&gt;"Desde que conozco mejor el cuerpo... el espíritu no es para mí sino una forma de expresarse,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 14px;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;y lo imperecedero no es otra cosa que un símbolo".&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;F. Nietzsche.8o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;Todo comienza por la existencia como un asunto vital antes que intelectual. Todo comienza por la necesidad del cuerpo: por el dolor y el menester, el placer y la satisfacción. La pregunta por el sentido de la existencia viene después de llenar el estómago, aunque&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;fue escribiéndose, entre líneas, en cada acto encaminado a salvarnos primero de la sed. Y las posibles respuestas, como el latido mismo de lo vital, se abren en nosotros, nos abren en su contingencia, como actos equivalentes a la existencia misma.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;El asunto de la existencia es asunto de una interpretación de la experiencia, de una serie de interpretaciones que dan forma a lo vital, múltiples formas de lo múltiple humano y su trayecto: eso que llamamos historia de vida. Historia que otorga identidad, identidad que solo puede mantenerse en función de la memoria. Esto es la identidad como forma, el pasado y el presente que me configuran. Por otro lado, lo moral como el límite de lo infinito interpretativo de una multiplicidad de formas.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;La telaraña de lo racional como herramienta de supervivencia, dentro de la cual todo es mesurable, y en donde la araña, es decir nosotros, somos el centro respecto a cualquier noción de verdad. Hilos perpendiculares: junto al llamado conocimiento del mundo natural, está el pensamiento de orden social; si hemos de existir en sociedad, se precisa de un tratado de paz, se teje aquí la telaraña ontológica que entramada con la científica,&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;ubica nuestro existir dentro de un deber ser, dentro de un orden moral de verdad. La consecuencia de este orden moral de verdad, supondrá un presunto bienestar social.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;Existen entonces discursos interpretativos de la experiencia y su sistematización, pero ocurre que deificamos dichos discursos y entonces la telaraña ya no es nuestro pensamiento, sino una realidad objetiva, cuyo tejido está separado de nosotros y al cual nos lanzamos en búsqueda de la verdad, la araña se ha enredado en sus propios hilos;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;nace el mito de la cosa en sí, que no sería más que el punto ciego de nuestras propias elucubraciones. Búsqueda a la que se le zurce la bandera de la bondad y con esto nace la promesa de la felicidad última, punto cardinal del orden social; y de aquí la vida bajo el yugo de lo hegemónico: aquella que transcurre como una narrativa que no fue escrita por nosotros y cuyo final ya está arreglado, pero realizamos la pantomima con bastante pasión.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;La verdad es una suma de relaciones humanas, relaciones humanas cuyas intersecciones son&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;matriz de metáforas, de tropos literarios que constituyen la ficción de la experiencia: su interpretación. Lo humano es entonces la suma de nuestros actos en tanto comunicación concretada en verdades-ficciones como plataformas de experiencia. Dos momentos: la interpretación de la experiencia es gregaria: histórica y social; más después de observar y recorrer ciertos senderos: personal y genuina;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;esto es, separada de lo gregario que nos anula en la historia de lo social.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;El lenguaje es el espejo del hombre, ahí mora su conciencia, dominio de signos y símbolos, y su imagen es siempre una libertad creativa, libertad de formas, sin suelo seguro más allá de la forma, porque la misma está vacía, carece de un sustrato más allá de la palabra. Espejo que sólo contiene apariencias en tanto que solo contiene tropos de la experiencia; por otro lado sólo en ese espejo nos encontramos a nosotros mismos, en la interdependencia de la acción comunicativa: sólo somos conscientes en lo no individual del "sí mismo", en el punto de intersección de esa interdependencia donde se construye la verdad como la forma de lo vital. Ya aquí conocer no trata de comprobar nuestros discursos en los objetos y fenómenos, sino de construir realidades.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;Ahí, ahí, donde realidad no es otra cosa que mi experiencia vital.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;Ya en el ámbito de mi experiencia, tan personal, ¿Qué consciencia, o la consciencia de qué, fundamenta mi verdad? Dicha verdad tan única y mía que me orilla a la soledad, allá donde nadie me entiende, aquí donde soy víctima de la incomprensión de los otros, donde la incapacidad de comunicarse impera.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;Desde esta óptica darle la razón a alguien, es un poco mandarlo y mandarme al calabozo de los mupismos. La verdad, en tanto gregaria: lenguaje que constituye lo social, y en tanto conciencia de los límites de dicho lenguaje, une y separa. Habría que hablar de una razón común, y una razón múltiple. Es desde la razón común que gregariamente edificamos nuestras verdades hacia posibles soluciones al menester; es desde la razón múltiple, que no es otra cosa que nuestra individualidad que nos separamos, que problematizamos la solución, que problematizamos la historia gregaria en nosotros. Ciertamente buscamos la paz, buscamos lo mejor. Más la separación de lo individual frente a lo gregario siempre es una forma de guerra, una forma de violencia. Dicha separación no se opone pienso, -y pienso desde cualquier situación de descomposición social, donde todo es irracionalidad, balas y menester-, a la genuina necesidad de paz, sino que señala nuestro errado concepto de paz: el equívoco ideal de la paz, ese estatismo nocivo que huele más que a otra cosa, a una muerte intelectual.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;Paz como el fin de los opuestos, ¿el fin de la historia acaso? El fin de una narrativa vital que orilla a una pregunta irónica: ¿existe vi`a después de la historia; de la paz? Hablar de paz sin dialéctica, forzosamente empareja la noción de paz con una verdad moral, la cual de nueva vez, no puede ser mas que la imposición de la solución de la razón común&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;por sobre la problematización de la razón múltiple y su aplastamiento; la razón de unos cuantos y su narrativa con un final ya escrito para todos, por sobre la verdad múltiple de lo individual, que es siempre creación abierta. Pensar paz como un despertar a la inactividad, es la deformación última, la objetivación más monstruosa de nuestros puntos ciegos, de los parches Kantianos frente a las cuatro antinomias. No podemos rechazar la paradoja de la existencia: el horizonte abierto de posibilidad infinita interpretativa como flujo de opuestos; juego de agregación y disgregación de conciencia frente a: lo limitado y lo ilimitado, la forma y el vacío, la causalidad y la libertad, lo ficcionalmente necesario y la sólida fe ontoteológica que ahí depositamos.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;Lo que sí puede ser, en el juego de las paradojas: la paz como la virtud de la violencia. Es la violencia del&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Intelligere&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;opuesta a la de la común estupidez gregaria, que es también el mutismo inercial que vive en mí. Nietzscheanamente le llamaré violencia jovial, y esto es entender paz como&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;actividad, movimiento, como la idea misma del arte poético: la gaya ciencia.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;Paz, nunca como inactividad, sino la actividad del&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Intelligere&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;y de la&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Poiesis&lt;/i&gt;; donde las distintas pulsiones de la razón múltiple, de la multiplicidad de individualidades se nos hacen sensibles. Y es en su oposición relativa, donde todas esas pulsiones&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;puede afirmarse en la existencia, sin anularse, sino siendo su mutua condición existencial: el hacerse sensible al otro como dolorosa pulsión en mí, y que otorga mi propio ser, otorgando el entendimiento de la verdad como una máscara vacía, la formas vacía, la sagrada forma que es condición de vida y no de muerte. Tolerar es abnegación: sacrificio o renuncia voluntaria de una persona a pasiones, deseos o intereses; distinta es la apertura: aceptación de las múltiples pasiones. Apertura como una capacidad lúdica, opuesta a la solemnidad y la pesadez de las formas ya obsoletas , sus defensores y perpetuadores. Risa y amor dice Zaratustra. Frente a las necrópolis hegemónicas y burocráticas, ahí donde la vida se vuelve de piedra, el arte desgarra, libera el intelecto. El entramado de los conceptos se vuelve un juguete. Las narrativas cerradas ontoteológicas con su final anunciado y nuestros roles definidos, retornan a un estado de creación, narración en apertura infinita: hoja en blanco, momento nuevo. El arte no busca unificar, sino multiplicar, y con esto mantenernos abiertos y a la deriva, manteniendo a la forma, nuestra forma en plural, en su estado vital de flujo infinito.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;Así, hemos observado dos aspectos de la forma: a) el mundo de las apariencias y de los signos como una irremediable generalización y vulgarización de la razón común, ahí donde el ser consciente se torna flaco diría Nietzsche, marca de rebaño, corrupto, falsificado. b) El momento de los "nacidos tarde", el momento de la sobreabundancia de este mundo simbólico que viene a ser derrochado por el heredero: el artista, el poeta. En el primer aspecto descrito, el intelecto se encuentra sumergido en ilusiones y sueños; en donde pensar es reducir a la metáfora conocida y sin brillo que esclaviza. En el segundo aspecto, el intelecto se manifiesta como ese maestro del fingir, de la ficción de la forma, pero liberado, poseído por el placer creador: uniendo lo más diverso y separando lo más afín.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;Pero por un momento el liberado guarda silencio. No es el silencio del mutismo, del hombre isla, del hombre encerrado en sí que anula el contacto comunicativo génesis de la conciencia, ergo el hombre sin conciencia; sino que este es el silencio de quien reconoce en la palabra gregaria al peor de los mutismos y quietismos, y se retira violentándolo todo; el tejido social y a él mismo. En una suerte de damnatio memoriae se desprende de dichas formas como cascaras huecas, y se queda solo con su vacío; ciego de distinciones entre ficción y realidad, verdad y apariencia, hecho e ilusión, observa el punto de encaje donde se entreteje y genera el vórtice de lo ontológico, que es también el vórtice, desde donde vamos tejiendo, palabra por palabra, frase por frase, la trama de lo vital. Pero el vacío obliga a la forma y el juego de la transgresión solo puede ser transmitido desde la forma, el vacío es inasible.&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;Es desde la memoria -que es identidad, que es forma-, que se puede realizar el daño a la memoria, y sólo desde la memoria se puede apreciar la re-significación del pasado que le sigue hacia nuevos espacios. Damnatio memoriae, la memoria que se olvi`a de sí misma, y de ese daño, se libera y surge como cualquier otra cosa. La palabra, habrá de pronunciarse finalmente su retorno, con las metáforas más rigurosamente prohibidas y concatenaciones conceptuales jamás oídas. Una transformación que sí bien, no puede ser mas que íntima y en soledad, solamente desde ahí, nos involucra genuinamente con la transformación social, desde lo múltiple individual, desde nuestra finita infinitud. Finita y efímera libertad.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;Pero falta preguntarnos ¿qué es el espíritu libre, ¿la libertad como un artificio que habría que inventarse?&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;La idea de libertad como una verdad construida en tanto necesaria frente al menester, para destruir el determinismo de otras verdades que hemos gregariamente construido, y que al ser enunciada, sugerida como desde el entre sueño de la&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;poiesis&lt;/i&gt;, inaugura un movimiento de la conciencia que la transforma: la sonrisa del Buddha cuando al final devela que no hay sendero, no hay meta, no hay nirvana, el nirvana es el samsara, no hay Buddha mismo, si lo encuentras mátalo enunció, pero había que inventar, y jovialmente estos juegos.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://a1.twimg.com/profile_images/65632924/aninietzsche.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" src="http://a1.twimg.com/profile_images/65632924/aninietzsche.gif" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;Bibliografía.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;Nietzsche, F.,&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Así habló Zaratustra&lt;/i&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Un libro para todos y para nadie.&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;Traducción de Andrés Sánchez Pascual. Madrid, Alianza, 1994.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;Nietzsche, F.,&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Aurora. Pensamientos sobre los prejuicios morales.&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;Traducción de Germán Cano. Madrid, Biblioteca Nueva, 2000.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;Nietzsche, F.,&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Ecce homo, Como se llega a ser lo que se es.&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;Traducción de Andrés Sánchez Pascual. Madrid, Alianza, 1995.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;Nietzsche, F.,&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Humano demasiado humano. Un libro para espíritus libres I&lt;/i&gt;. Traducción de Alfredo Brotons Muñoz. Madrid, Akal, 1996.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;Nietzsche, F.,&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;La ciencia jovial (La gaya scienza).&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;Traducción de Germán Cano. Madrid, Biblioteca Nueva, 2001.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;Nietzsche, F.,&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Sobre la utilidad y el perjuicio de la historia para la vida&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;(II Intempestivas). Traducción de Germán Cano. Madrid, Biblioteca Nueva, 1999, pp. 96-104.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;Nietzsche, F.,&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Sobre verdad y mentira en sentido extramoral&lt;/i&gt;. Traducción de Luis Manuel Valdés. Valencia, Revista Teorema, 1980.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br class="Apple-interchange-newline" /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/7562027159907211241-5775157205313065022?l=mapasyapuntes.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://mapasyapuntes.blogspot.com/feeds/5775157205313065022/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://mapasyapuntes.blogspot.com/2012/01/violencia-y-arte.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7562027159907211241/posts/default/5775157205313065022'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7562027159907211241/posts/default/5775157205313065022'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://mapasyapuntes.blogspot.com/2012/01/violencia-y-arte.html' title='Violencia y Arte'/><author><name>Damnatio Memoriae</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/12504964180026976320</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='31' height='32' src='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_8LONHn-XDWQ/TJVlUXxsjUI/AAAAAAAAA0s/6vYpQ1qHz6k/S220/img012+-+copia+-+copia+-+copia+(2).jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7562027159907211241.post-6729702085230044089</id><published>2011-09-06T16:47:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2011-09-06T16:47:03.220-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Filosofía'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Laberintos'/><title type='text'>An Interview With Karen Armstrong</title><content type='html'>&lt;div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia, times, serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 12px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;b style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia, times, serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px;"&gt;&lt;div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 12px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;Karen Armstrong is one of the most renowned religion scholars in the world today. Recognized for the lucidity of her prose and her extraordinary breadth of knowledge, she is the author of more than a dozen books, among them the acclaimed bestsellers&amp;nbsp;&lt;i style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;A History of God, Islam,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;and&lt;i style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;Buddha&lt;/i&gt;. Born near Birmingham, England, in 1945, Armstrong was raised Roman Catholic, and entered a convent in her teens. After seven years, she left in personal crisis, feeling that she had failed her faith and that her faith had failed her. She embarked on an academic career, but her hopes were dashed when her dissertation was rejected. She took a position at a girl’s school, from which, after six years, she was “politely” asked to leave. Around this time she found out she had epilepsy. “My early life,” she has written, “was a complete catastrophe.”&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 12px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;Armstrong eventually found her calling as a writer. Today, the “runaway nun,” as she was called, derisively, early in her writing career, is in demand as a public speaker, a university lecturer, and a television and radio commentator. She teaches at Leo Baeck College for the Study of Judaism, in London, and in 1999 received the Muslim Public Affairs Media Award. Her recently completed memoir will be published in 2004 by Knopf. In February of this year, she took part in an interview with&amp;nbsp;&lt;i style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;Tricycle&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;contributing editor Andrew Cooper.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 12px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;b style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;img height="419" src="http://www.tricycle.com/files/images/issues/v12n4/12-4-78-1-1.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; float: left; margin-bottom: 2px; margin-left: 5px; margin-right: 5px; margin-top: 2px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" width="349" /&gt;You went from being a devout Catholic nun to being a sharp and skeptical critic of religion to being a writer with a deep appreciation for the world’s faiths. How do you account for these shifts in direction?&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;I left my Catholic convent exhausted by religion, convinced that I was a spiritual failure. For about thirteen years, I wanted nothing more to do with religion. But I came back to an appreciation of faith by writing about it. After a series of career disasters, I found myself working in television, making programs about the various religions. At first my approach was very skeptical, but gradually the material began to get through to me. I realized that despite my own intensive religious background, there was a great deal about faith and spirituality that was entirely unfamiliar to me. I was also impressed by the profound unanimity of the major world faiths. It was the study of other religious traditions - initially Judaism, Islam, and Greek Orthodox Christianity, but later the oriental theistic and nontheistic faiths - that gave me back an appreciation of what religion was all about.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 12px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;b style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;In your more recent work, you make frequent reference to the Axial Age. What was the Axial Age, and what does it have to do with understanding our own?&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;The term Axial Age was coined by the German philosopher Karl Jaspers to describe the period from 800 to 200 B.C.E., when all the great world traditions came into being in four core regions of the world: Confucianism and Taoism in China; Buddhism, Jainism and Hinduism in the Indian subcontinent; monotheism in the Middle East; and rationalism in Greece. This period proved to be pivotal to the spiritual development of humanity. We have never progressed beyond the insights achieved at this time, though they have often been restated and reinterpreted over the years. What is striking about these traditions is their similarity, beneath the obvious surface differences. You can see a clear resemblance between Socrates and the Buddha, for example. All these world traditions stress the importance of the inner life, of compassion; all put human suffering at the heart of their agenda and devised means of exploring the inner world. All emphasize the importance of thinking for yourself, of questioning everything, even the most cherished doctrines and traditions, and of never taking anything “on faith.” In the modern world, we have also been undergoing a period of major transformation, similar to the Axial Age. But our insights have been mainly scientific or technological. We have produced no spiritual geniuses of the stature of the Buddha, Confucius, Isaiah, or Lao-tzu. And the spiritual approach of the Axial sages will challenge the way that many people are religious today.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 12px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;b style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;How so?&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;Often, contemporary institutional faiths seem to go out of their way to reproduce exactly the kind of religiosity that the Axial sages were trying to abolish: there is an excessive reliance upon doctrine (an approach that is alien to all Axial faiths) and on tradition (which must never be questioned); people are urged to accept things “on faith” in a way that the Buddha would have deplored; and the primal virtue of compassion is often ignored and quite inessential doctrines and practices put forward as the kernel of the faith.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;You write that the grand-scale social, economic, and cultural transformations of the Axial Age necessitated that people find “new ways of being religious.” In the modern period, we are confronted by the same imperative, but we have yet to find a historically meaningful and sufficient response. What do you see as some of the more promising trends in that direction?&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;I think one of the most positive developments of the twentieth century was a growing pluralism. For the first time in history, we learned to understand other people’s faith. Before, travelers reported exotic religious practices but had no understanding of the religious feeling that lay behind these rites. But thanks to improved communications and linguistic skills, that has been rectified. We have yet to understand the full implications of this development, but it is likely to have as profound an impact on our consciousness as the development of science in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. We will never be able to see either our own or other people’s religion in quite the same way again. Some people find this threatening and have created new denominational ghettoes, but the new pluralism is already a fact of life. It is not that we are going to create a giant “World Religion,” but rather that people turn quite naturally for nourishment to more than one tradition. More Christians than Jews read Martin Buber, for example, and Jews read Paul Tillich and Harvey Cox. People call themselves Christian or Jewish Buddhists. And this cross-fertilization could revitalize sagging traditions and infuse them with new life.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 12px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;b style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;You’ve explored the rise of fundamentalism as a response to modernity’s challenges to religious faith. Could you characterize a fundamentalist mindset?&lt;/b&gt;Every fundamentalist movement that I have studied is rooted in a profound fear of annihilation. It is a defensive, embattled religiosity that is fighting for its life. Because fundamentalists fear annihilation, they are highly suspicious of the “other” and have all developed quite pernicious views of the “enemy,” though it must be emphasized that only a tiny proportion of fundamentalists take part in acts of terror and violence. Most are simply trying to live what they regard as a true religious life in a world that seems increasingly hostile to faith, and all have developed in a symbiotic relationship with a secularism that is felt as invasive and destructive. Every single fundamentalist movement that I have studied is convinced that modern secular society is trying to wipe out religion. And besides religious fundamentalists, there are secular fundamentalists who often have as bigoted and inaccurate an idea of religion as fundamentalists have of secularism.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 12px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;b style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;What does it mean to be a “freelance monotheist,” as you have described yourself?&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;I do not belong to any one tradition exclusively. In my studies, I have drawn nourishment from Judaism and Islam, as well as from the various forms of Christianity. I cannot regard any one of these faiths as superior, and certainly do not regard any one as having the monopoly of truth. But this description of my position is not really accurate any longer, because, as you know, my last book was about the Buddha, and I was quite enthralled by his insights. I am also discovering the Chinese traditions, as well as Hinduism. These faiths are all so deeply similar. Each has its own particular genius, each its peculiar weakness. And at the moment I find inspiration in them all.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 12px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;b style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;Writing&amp;nbsp;&lt;i style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;Buddha&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;was a departure from your more familiar territory in the Abrahamic faiths. Why did you take on the project?&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;Because I had always been very interested in the Buddha. My sister has been a Buddhist for over thirty years, so it is in the family, as it were. But when I wrote&amp;nbsp;&lt;i style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;A History of God&lt;/i&gt;, even though I dwelt on the monotheisms, I was astonished to find how “Buddhist” many of them are. The common Western view of a personalized deity, a Supreme Being, a literal creator figure, is really a very primitive, bowdlerized development—a symbol of the decline in religious understanding that has been growing apace in the West since the scientific revolution. As I explained in&amp;nbsp;&lt;i style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;The Battle for God&lt;/i&gt;, we have developed a purely literal understanding of scripture, and cannot think mythically anymore. But the most eminent Jewish, Christian, and Muslim theologians always maintained that God was not another being, that it was better to say that God did not exist, because our concept of existence was far too limited to apply to God. That it was better to call God Nothing. He—a ridiculous pronoun—was not the Supreme Being, was not a being at all, but something entirely other. And Greek Orthodox Christians see Jesus in a way that is very similar to the way Buddhists revere the Buddha, the Enlightened Man, something that we can all be, even in this life. And doctrines like the Trinity were devised in part to remind Christians that it is impossible to think about God as a simple personality. So there was nothing strange for me about Buddhism. It is very close to the best forms of monotheism.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia, times, serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px;"&gt;&lt;div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 12px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;b style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;Buddhism, too, is rooted in the Axial Age, yet for Western Buddhists like&lt;i style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;Tricycle&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;readers, much of its appeal seems to be that it offers a new way of being religious. What do you make of this seeming contradiction?&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;I think this ties up with my last answer. I think many people find that the personalized God does not work. They are often wearied by excessive doctrinal claims, and want a religion of practice. They are also sickened by the religious intolerance of some of the monotheisms. So Buddhism seems “new,” but of course the monotheisms themselves are religions of practice, and the Western insistence on dogma (which is very different from the Greek and Russian Orthodox approaches) is a very peculiar development. Buddhism seems new only because people in the West have lost an understanding of what the Western religious traditions were really trying to say.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 12px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;b style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;In&amp;nbsp;&lt;i style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;A History of God&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;you call the French scientist and theologian Blaise Pascal “the first modern.” He was the first to recognize that in the scientific age the existence of God could not be taken for granted and that faith was, therefore, a matter of personal choice. How is Pascal’s religious dilemma our own? How is it different?&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;Voluntarism is an essentially modern development. Earlier, it was impossible to live outside a religious tradition. I show this in the first chapter of The Battle for God. Now religion is optional, a matter of personal choice. We can shop around and find a tradition that suits us, in a way that would have been impossible in the premodern world. Pascal also felt pure dread when he contemplated the cosmos, which seemed empty of religious significance. But in recent years, some physicists seem to be developing a new kind of religious discourse when they contemplate the immensity of the universe. They talk mythologically—the Big Bang, Black Holes—and, like the mystic, force us to face the darkness of uncreated reality. Like the best theology, this discourse makes us realize that we have come to the end of what thoughts and words can do, and pitches us into what mystics used to call “the cloud of unknowing.” I think that there is now less dread in modern “unbelief” than there was in Pascal’s day. Instead, there’s a tired weariness and ennui. Which is just as dangerous because it leads directly to nihilism, where nothing much matters anymore.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 12px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;b style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;Your extensive writings on Islam have done much to illuminate for Westerners the power and genius it has shown in addressing the spiritual needs of its adherents. Your nation and ours are on the verge of war with an Islamic country. How are you feeling these days about the world situation?&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;I have great fear for our situation. I had been subconsciously dreading something like 9/11 for years because I felt that we were on a dangerous course vis-á-vis the Muslim world. The 9/11 atrocities are a hideous example of the nihilism I mentioned. It is hard to think of anything more nihilistic than the suicide bomber or hijacker. But this is what happens if you behave as though people don’t matter, if you tell a people for long enough that they don’t count and that their needs and desires are not important. The suicide bombing in Israel also springs from a despair with conventional politics, a feeling that you have nothing to lose. The fact that people in the Arab world feel this is very, very dangerous indeed. This is why all the faiths need to go back to the primal duty of compassion. This is what the world needs from religion right now. We do not need more certainty—we have seen too much certainty recently—but we need greater respect for the sacred rights of others, including our enemies. Buddhism has a lot to contribute here, but so do all the faiths. September 11 shows what happens when this sense of the sacred value of all beings is lost.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 12px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;I am also worried about the rise in religious intolerance in the West. Immediately after 9/11 there was a window of opportunity, and many Americans were eager to learn more about Islam. But recently the mood seems to have hardened. The Christian Right, for example, seems to have been fanning the flames of hatred and misunderstanding. And this is simply too dangerous. We cannot afford these polarities anymore because we live in one world—that was the revelation of 9/11. We are all members of one another, as St. Paul said, and what happens in Iraq or Afghanistan today will have repercussions in New York and London tomorrow.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 12px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;b style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;From reading your books, I get the sense that, for you, scholarship is a spiritual pursuit. Is that true?&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;Yes, my study is a spiritual quest. Studying texts is my form of prayer and meditation, and often, while studying, I experience moments of awe and wonder. The effort of getting beyond my own preconceptions to enter another form of faith and thought is also a means of transcendence—a transcendence of self, which is one of the objects of such spiritual practices as yoga. A scholar called this discipline “the science of compassion” because in this kind of study you have to put yourself to one side and learn to feel with others.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 12px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;b style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;Do you see, in the countless forms religion has taken, a&amp;nbsp;&lt;i style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;sine qua non&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;of the religious life?&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;Yes. Compassion is the&amp;nbsp;&lt;i style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;sine qua non&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;of religious life. Spirituality that does not lead to respect for others has no value at all. And compassion is one of the chief ways in which we leave the self behind and can thus enter into what Buddhists call nirvana and what monotheists call the presence of God. Without compassion, there is no religious life at all.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 12px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;b style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;In Her Own Words&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 12px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;On Fundamentalism, from&amp;nbsp;&lt;i style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;Islam: A Short History&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 12px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;"Fundamentalists have been successful insofar as they have pushed religion from the sidelines and back to center stage, so that it now plays a major part in international affairs once again, a development that would have seemed inconceivable in the mid-twentieth century, when secularism seemed in the ascendant... But the desperation and fear that fuel fundamentalists also tend to distort the religious tradition, and accentuate its more aggressive aspects at the expense of those that preach toleration and reconciliation."&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 12px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;On the Axial Age, from&amp;nbsp;&lt;i style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;Buddha&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 12px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;''[During the Axial Age], a few men sensed fresh possibilities and broke away from the old traditions. They sought change in the deepest reaches of their beings, looked for greater inwardness in their spiritual lives, and tried to become one with a reality that transcended normal, mundane conditions and categories. After this pivotal era, it was felt that only by reaching beyond their limits could human beings become most fully themselves"&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 12px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;On Faith, from&amp;nbsp;&lt;i style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;A History of God: The 4,OOO-year Quest of Judaism, Christianity and Islam&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 12px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;'When religious ideas have lost their validity, they have usually faded away painlessly: If the human idea of God no longer works for us in the empirical age, it will be discarded. Yet in the past people have always created new symbols to act as a focus for spirituality. Human beings have always created a faith for themselves, to cultivate their sense of the wonder and ineffable significance of life.'&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 12px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 12px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.tricycle.com/interview/freelance-monotheist"&gt;http://www.tricycle.com/interview/freelance-monotheist&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/7562027159907211241-6729702085230044089?l=mapasyapuntes.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://mapasyapuntes.blogspot.com/feeds/6729702085230044089/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://mapasyapuntes.blogspot.com/2011/09/interview-with-karen-armstrong.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7562027159907211241/posts/default/6729702085230044089'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7562027159907211241/posts/default/6729702085230044089'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://mapasyapuntes.blogspot.com/2011/09/interview-with-karen-armstrong.html' title='An Interview With Karen Armstrong'/><author><name>Damnatio Memoriae</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/12504964180026976320</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='31' height='32' src='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_8LONHn-XDWQ/TJVlUXxsjUI/AAAAAAAAA0s/6vYpQ1qHz6k/S220/img012+-+copia+-+copia+-+copia+(2).jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7562027159907211241.post-3766822677634800572</id><published>2011-08-16T16:35:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2011-09-06T16:36:15.138-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Filosofía'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Eduardo Medina'/><title type='text'>Neuro-, Bio-, Psi-. Testimonio del coloquio 11° 17 Instituto de Estudios Críticos. Eduardo Medina Frías</title><content type='html'>&lt;div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;"&gt;A decir de Aldo Trucchio, la filosofía está muerta. Como si los grandes sistemas filosóficos de ambiciones omniaberrantes  fueran la única forma de pensamiento filosófico en la historia y hoy.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;"&gt;En su apologética negada, Trucchio declara que si bien la filosofía ha muerto, lo que perdura es un pensamiento filosófico; esto puede ser una clave o una perogrullada, porque sabemos que  la filosofía, el psicoanálisis o las neurociencias son precisamente eso: pensamientos de cierto orden, entretejidos de pensamientos;  su grado de sistematización, no los convierte en otra cosa. Pero si, seguramente, la sistematización puede llevar a la reificación, puede hacer de nuestros pensamientos un tejido ilusorio que concebimos en su ser: como algo separado a nosotros. El olvido: ya no es nuestro pensamiento, sino una realidad objetiva por explorar. Sistematización y método implican una ontología, toda ontología contiene en sí misma las conclusiones que pretendemos confirmar. En este sentido y dentro de los límites de lo posible, la filosofía debe aniquilarse en su sistematización para mantener su lucidez frente a estos menesteres. Proceder opuesto y por necesidad a la ciencias: frente a nosotros, en nosotros, se encuentra la extrañeza, y solo sentimos una gran necesidad, esta es la base de nuestra confusión. El conocimiento comienza como un proceder por supervivencia; lo mesurable de la ciencia, sus hipótesis y teorías se mueven en esta extrañeza de modo efectivo para otorgarnos comida, refugio y seguridad. Los discursos de conocimiento nos otorgan seguridad frente al sufrimiento ubicándonos frente a la tremenda necesidad y nosotros desprovistos, ofreciendo posibilidades ante la impotencia frente a esta extrañeza. El mayor mutismo no es callar, es hablar, erguimos discurso tras discurso en un entretejido que busca la evasión ante esa situación básica. La distancia de la filosofía, por su muerte habla de estos asuntos desde un silencio: el que queda después de la caída de estos discursos. Este silencio es el del vacío, el cual convierte a todos los discursos en meras pantomimas. (No se niega la posible utilidad de algunas).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;"&gt;El suicidio declara que se reconoce la ausencia de una razón por la cual vivir. Hay un rompimiento entre el ser humano y su bios. O más claramente entre el ser humano y los discursos sistematizantes que enuncian el ¿Qué? del bios, otorgándole una diversidad de sentidos, edificándolo como la realidad objetiva de su ser, a la cual renuncia, con el acto de una muerte voluntaria. En la conferencia de Jesús Ramirez fue mencionado el caso de una muchacha que amenazaba con el acto del suicidio como lo irremediable ante cualquier posibilidad vital que se le presentara; Neuro- y Psi- descubren la impotencia de sus discursos ante la aniquilación voluntaria de Bio-.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;"&gt;Neuro- al no ubicar el desequilibrio en la materia que cause el síntoma, al no encontrar la magia química con que resolverlo, descubre el límite de su paradigma, y con ello, se devela su aparato de conocimiento como la ambición neurótica del conocimiento objetivo frente a eso que él mismo denominó en su hipótesis: materia, otorgándole un estatus ontológico que a su vez crea un sentido de bios, uno que prometía cierta bienaventuranza al develar su secreto oculto. Psi- por su parte busca ejercer el poder de su discurso, uno debidamente fundado en un deber ser que responde a ideologías particulares elevadas ontológicamente a nivel de verdad absoluta y sobre de cuales se erige el rumbo social al cual hay que reinsertar al individuo. Pero la suicida renuncia a dicho discurso en cualquiera de sus variantes, desde el momento en que ella es la grieta en el constructo social de dicho discurso, -lo que dice parece tener algo de razón doctorcita y comprendo desde donde lo dice, pero esos juegos ya no son para alguien como yo, yo simplemente deseo acabar con mi vida al salir de aquí. La pregunta crítica apremiante, si se permite hablar a los muertos, no versa sobre el sentido de la vida, de bios, sino que versa, desde el vacío, en si efectivamente el negarle un sentido a bios, porque no hay discursos inherentes a tal, nos lleva por fuerza a declarar que no vale “la pena” mantenernos con vida. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;"&gt;Existe en nosotros una necesidad neurótica de racionalidad, de determinación. Cierto es que pensar siempre conlleva cierta necesidad de igualar las apariencias bajo el rostro de un principio ordenador, nuestra supervivencia exige  aplicar figuras simbólicas y cuantificables a nuestra experiencia, ¿pero en que momento nos olvidamos de la cualidad vacía de dichas categorías y discursos? ¿O será que apenas lo descubrimos? Al hablar de realidad, hablamos de nuestra dimensión de experiencia, dicha experiencia es Bios-. Lo que digamos en torno a esta experiencia crea plataformas, dispositivos de realidad, realidades que se tornan en filtros que velan/determinan nuestra experiencia. Ser es lo que digamos en torno al Ser.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;"&gt;Luisella Brusa desde el psicoanálisis alude al vacío al enunciar la noción de verdad como un mero constructo del lenguaje; sin embargo esto no quiere decir que verdad pueda ser cualquier cosa, se trata de un constructo histórico y cultural, La clave está en que la verdad, como constructo hegemónico, es un constructo de utilidad; elegimos nuestros modelos de realidad en función de nuestra supervivencia: en el ámbito científico por ejemplo, como señaló el Dr. Ricardo Colin, al arribar al espacio vacío, las distintas teorías parecen perder su dureza discursiva y al final pareciera tratarse de una predilección ontológica, durante el siglo pasado, la hipótesis del materialismo reduccionista sin duda fue la predilección de facto a otorgar el mayor avance respecto a nuestro dominio del mundo natural y el beneficio que obtenemos con esto, sin embargo las observaciones cuánticas y la revolución respecto al concepto de energía que conllevan, develan lo naif del presente cientificismo determinista y su ambición totalitaria. La revoluciones científicas ejemplifican a nuestros discursos como meros aparatos cognoscitivos de utilidad temporal, pero develan también como dichos paradigmas se tornan en nuestro modo vital de experiencia; pareciera que no podemos escapar a nuestra tendencia a reificar, a objetivar nuestros propios discursos. Tal vez se trate del insorteable punto ciego de los límites de nuestra mente, ese peculiar término del que pareciera no podemos decir algo certero entonces, del mismo modo en que el ojo no puede verse a sí mismo, o por el contrario, de la mente hemos dicho todo lo que hemos dicho de sus objetos. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;"&gt;Es totalmente cuestionable esta supuesta dualidad: mente o conciencia como lo inmaterial, vs. cerebro, órgano como lo material, se trata meramente de un discurso temporal; uno que dentro del imperio del cientificismo reduccionista empareja lo real como lo material tangible, y lo irreal como intangible. ¿Conciencia y pensamiento lo irreal o nuestra insorteable realidad? Pienso ahora, lanzándome al mutismo que es hablar, llenándome de mi discurso, que lo real es lo intangible, y lo tangible son nuestros discursos, discursos que son regímenes de poder, que determinan con sus verdades. Bios- es conciencia, conciencia que en su esencia es experiencia vital ilimitada, limitada por nuestra propia enunciación de discursos; conciencia que siempre es posibilidad de espacio fuera de los regímenes del discurso, espacio que es vacío. Vacío que es infinita e ineludible multiplicidad de posibilidades en incesante transformación. La forma es el vacío, el vacío es la forma. Pensar nos dice Camus, es aprender de nuevo a ver, a estar atento, es orientar la conciencia, es hacer de cada idea, de cada imagen, a la manera de Proust, un lugar privilegiado.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;"&gt;Néstor Braunstein se equivoca, al citar al viejo Marx, el ser social no determina al individuo, lo potencializa. No se trata de juegos de lenguaje o predilecciones terminológicas, lenguaje es discurso, discurso es realidad: experiencia vital. Determinación no deja lugar a la acción del individuo, se trata de la vieja trampa Hegeliana. Potencialización pone la conciencia individual en una balanza, donde ciertamente puede quedar determinado: el esclavo, la conciencia alienada; pero bien puede ocurrir la toma de conciencia, y con ello transformar su ser social: la revolución, la deriva incesante.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;"&gt;¿Vale la pena o no la vida ser vivida si carece de sentido y es que carece de sentido? Bien respondía Sartre cuando un estudiante le pedía consejo respecto a si ir o no la guerra, -usted es libre, usted invente-.Se trata pues de una respuesta individual y profunda, en donde la inercia más que la lucidez toma la palabra. Decía Witold Gombrowicz –ataco a todas esas formas que dejan de ser para el hombre un cómodo abrigo y se convierten en rígido caparazón. Ataco todo aquello que, contra nosotros, crece por sí solo y para comprometernos-. Estas formas son para él lo concluso, la madurez. La inmadurez sería lo maleable, la libertad que puede ser cualquier cosa, mientras que la madurez es la máscara social donde lo individual renuncia y se somete frente a una hegemonía a alcanzar su propia forma. Este es el problema de la forma, el hombre como creador de las formas y como esclavo de las formas. Tal vez sea el suicido una forma radical de renuncia a las formas en nombre de una individualidad, un suicidio lúcido; pero tal vez sea el efecto más nefasto de un discurso que nos dicta que la vida “debe” tener un sentido y frente a un posible momento de lucidez ante el vacío, nos decantamos por la pantomima más patética: la del impotente con iniciativa. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;"&gt;En todo caso, si Bio- es ese lugar privilegiado del que nos habla Camus, ni los químicos de Neuro- ni el discurso neurótico de Psi- podrán hacer algo al respecto del suicidio lúcido. Tampoco respecto al caso de la decidida muchacha mencionado en la segunda conferencia del coloquio. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;"&gt;Pero tampoco podemos deslindarnos del asunto bajo la excusa filosófica de la libertad individual, no hay libertad en un caso de alienación extrema como el de dicha muchacha, y nuestra tremenda pasividad social, cada acto de inconciencia consiente nos vuelve responsables, responsables de ese suicidio cada vez que callamos ante la injusticia de un discurso de poder inoperante, cada vez que dejamos a las formas deformes hablar y nos perdemos en ese mutismo.  Ese suicidio, si ocurre es mucho más nuestro que el de ella.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;"&gt;Yo si pienso,  porque renuncio a esos mutismos, que tal vez modelos para-sociales como el presentado por Sorana Iancu podrían posibilitar que un caso así, de manera individual, dicha muchacha vuelva a aprender a ver con nuevos ojos, a descubrir el privilegio del Bios. Un tal vez en tanto que otros modelos sociales, siempre son posibles si aprendemos a morir; a suicidarnos en nuestras formas anquilosadas. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;"&gt;Mente, conciencia, realidad es lo que quieras que sea. Hola ¿Cómo te llamas? &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/7562027159907211241-3766822677634800572?l=mapasyapuntes.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://mapasyapuntes.blogspot.com/feeds/3766822677634800572/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://mapasyapuntes.blogspot.com/2011/09/neuro-bio-psi-testimonio-del-coloquio.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7562027159907211241/posts/default/3766822677634800572'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7562027159907211241/posts/default/3766822677634800572'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://mapasyapuntes.blogspot.com/2011/09/neuro-bio-psi-testimonio-del-coloquio.html' title='Neuro-, Bio-, Psi-. Testimonio del coloquio 11° 17 Instituto de Estudios Críticos. Eduardo Medina Frías'/><author><name>Damnatio Memoriae</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/12504964180026976320</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='31' height='32' src='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_8LONHn-XDWQ/TJVlUXxsjUI/AAAAAAAAA0s/6vYpQ1qHz6k/S220/img012+-+copia+-+copia+-+copia+(2).jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7562027159907211241.post-676345373929493544</id><published>2011-07-20T22:29:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2011-07-20T22:29:34.336-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Arte'/><title type='text'>Everything is a Remix</title><content type='html'>&lt;iframe src="http://player.vimeo.com/video/14912890?title=0&amp;amp;byline=0&amp;amp;portrait=0" width="400" height="225" frameborder="0"&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="http://vimeo.com/14912890"&gt;Everything is a Remix Part 1&lt;/a&gt; from &lt;a href="http://vimeo.com/kirbyferguson"&gt;Kirby Ferguson&lt;/a&gt; on &lt;a href="http://vimeo.com"&gt;Vimeo&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;iframe src="http://player.vimeo.com/video/19447662?title=0&amp;amp;byline=0&amp;amp;portrait=0" width="400" height="225" frameborder="0"&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="http://vimeo.com/19447662"&gt;Everything is a Remix Part 2&lt;/a&gt; from &lt;a href="http://vimeo.com/kirbyferguson"&gt;Kirby Ferguson&lt;/a&gt; on &lt;a href="http://vimeo.com"&gt;Vimeo&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;iframe src="http://player.vimeo.com/video/25380454?title=0&amp;amp;byline=0&amp;amp;portrait=0" width="400" height="225" frameborder="0"&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="http://vimeo.com/25380454"&gt;Everything is a Remix Part 3&lt;/a&gt; from &lt;a href="http://vimeo.com/kirbyferguson"&gt;Kirby Ferguson&lt;/a&gt; on &lt;a href="http://vimeo.com"&gt;Vimeo&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/7562027159907211241-676345373929493544?l=mapasyapuntes.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://mapasyapuntes.blogspot.com/feeds/676345373929493544/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://mapasyapuntes.blogspot.com/2011/07/everything-is-remix.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7562027159907211241/posts/default/676345373929493544'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7562027159907211241/posts/default/676345373929493544'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://mapasyapuntes.blogspot.com/2011/07/everything-is-remix.html' title='Everything is a Remix'/><author><name>Damnatio Memoriae</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/12504964180026976320</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='31' height='32' src='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_8LONHn-XDWQ/TJVlUXxsjUI/AAAAAAAAA0s/6vYpQ1qHz6k/S220/img012+-+copia+-+copia+-+copia+(2).jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7562027159907211241.post-2064954380577010690</id><published>2011-07-19T13:49:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2011-07-19T13:49:54.965-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Anne Waldman'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Poesia'/><title type='text'>Mind is Shapely, Art is Shapely, Anne Waldman</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: georgia, times, serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;GARY SNYDER asked his teacher Oda Sesso Roshi, "Sometimes I write poetry, is that all right?" Oda laughed and said, "It's all right as long as it comes out of your true self." He also said, "You know, poets have to play a lot,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;asobi.&lt;/em&gt;" The word asobi has the implication of wandering the bars and pleasure quarters. For a few years while doing Zen practice around Kyoto, Snyder quit writing poetry. It didn't bother him. His thought was, Zen is serious, poetry is not serious. In 1966, just before Oda Roshi died, he spoke with him in the hospital. He said, "Roshi! So it's Zen is serious, poetry is not serious." Oda replied "No, no, poetry is serious! Zen is not serious."&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: georgia, times, serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;In 1973 I traveled with two other poets on a&amp;nbsp;&lt;img height="500" src="http://www.tricycle.com/files/images/shapely1.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; float: right; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 1px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" width="304" /&gt;serendipitous pilgrimage to India, hoping to have audiences with particular high Tibetan lamas. We had acquired "hot" tickets ($250 round-trip to Delhi) through a Hindu hotline, a trip being organized by Western students of the then recently deceased Nim Karoli Baba. I had already signed up for the first Vajradhatu Seminary-a three-month practice situation that involves serious study of the Hinayana, Mahayana, and Vajrayana paths-with Chogyam Trungpa Rinpoche, but when the cheap tickets to India appeared and I asked Allen Ginsberg, "What should I do? Go sit with Trungpa or go to India?" he replied, "Go to India, the opportunity might not come around so soon. It'll change your life! Poets should go to India!" I had already published three books of poetry and felt "established" on that particular path. Nothing, as it proved, would shake that resolve.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: georgia, times, serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: right; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;em style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;Vajravarahi, Tibet, 16th Century, silver&lt;br /&gt;with gold, turquoise insets, and pigments&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: georgia, times, serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;I had been yearning for years to go to India. I had been working since 1966 at the energetic and demanding Poetry Project at St. Mark's Church in-the-Bowery. During the wee hours of the morning of January 2, 1970, after a marathon New Year's event at St. Mark's, just as we were beginning to vacuum the church rugs, an English fellow named Nik Douglas wandered in with a film under his arm and asked to show it on the screen we hadn't yet dismantled. It was entitled&amp;nbsp;&lt;em style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;Tantra&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;and as it unfolded its vivid documentation of various Hindu and Buddhist tantric rites, I was riveted by the startling and stark images. I had read of such goings on, but were those jackals really gnawing on human bodies? I found the burning ghats and the ritualistic passivity, or trancelike devotion, with which devotees were carrying out their gruesome (or were they?) tasks extraordinary. All my senses were on fire, I wanted to witness firsthand some of this teeming life, so seemingly antithetical to my own culture. I had been studying Indian singing with Lamonte Young, a principal student of Pandit Pran Nath. I listened to recordings of Indian music (particularly enjoying the Bauls singers of Bengal), and had viewed Satyajit Ray's Apu Trilogy a number of times. India had infiltrated America in the form of exotic food, and inexpensive, colorful clothing. Every hippie was carrying a bit of the&amp;nbsp;&lt;em style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;sadhu&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(a wandering truth-seeker who has abandoned family, caste, home) in his/her demeanor and getting high, like their Indian counterparts, on ganja. I wasn't particularly attracted to the Indian guru scene as I perceived it, but was extremely interested in the cultures of India through the music, dance, poetry. The philosophy of Buddhism had suggested a different atmosphere or tone in terms of a spiritual pursuit. I read much Japanese and Chinese poetries and was particularly drawn to Arthur Waley's versions of the nine Shaman songs, Milarepa's spontaneous&amp;nbsp;&lt;em style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;dohas&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(songs of realization) and Basho's travel journal. What was the connection between this often wild, vivid writing and spiritual practice? Wasn't Zen practice simply too austere for women? And for a woman poet? Could I shave my head, wear a black robe, sit facing a blank wall for hours? Shouldn't I be traveling the world? Where would my poetry come from? Doesn't art arise out of conflict, chaos, passionate love affairs, female outrage, political activism? Would it quench those flames as well? But I had by 1973 been introduced to Tibetan Buddhism, and Trungpa's admonition to "Come as you are" was a very seductive invitation to the practice of sitting meditation. And wasn't one of his first questions after landing on Western soil, Where are the poets? Take me to the poets. Who ever asks to see the poets!&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: georgia, times, serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;Since many Tibetan lamas were now living as refugees in India, this trip would possibly satisfy a spiritual-longing as well as the poet's urge to have her senses "deranged" (after Arthur Rimbaud's dictum—"&lt;em style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;dereglement de tous les sens&lt;/em&gt;") by immersion into a deeply exotic and esoteric "other" culture—Indian (Hindu) as well as Buddhist. Rimbaud had also said, "I is another." Not that I wanted to "go native." But I wanted to get inside a particular kind of energy that existed in traditions where people had been struggling with the raw questions of human existence. And the struggle with its austerities was decidedly experiential, not something you could simply read about. You sat in lotus posture, you bowed, then lowered your whole body to the ground in full prostration. You chanted and mumbled mantras. In the Tibetan tradition, you visualized seed syllables in your heart and throat. You became red- or green-hued as you imagined yourself some kind of buddha emanation. There was a path even if it led mysteriously nowhere. Enlightenment? Egolessness? Was that the goal? You couldn't worry about it. The practices as I understood them took the psyche apart, and then rewired the "conglomeration of tendencies" each one of us is to a saner, more compassionate view. The practices were shamanistic and communal as well. You benefited not only yourself but others in the process. People had been doing this stuff for centuries. Imagining their own enlightenment for centuries. Why? To benefit others. To alleviate suffering. To communicate in beautiful and terrifying images and sounds the refinement of mind, the edge and spill and depth of mind and heart and body together. I could finally start dancing with the phenomenal world, I realized, seeing "art" everywhere, in every gesture. I didn't want to&amp;nbsp;&lt;em style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;worship&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;idols. When I started understanding that the fierce and pleasing deities on tankas, and carved and sculpted figures, represented aspects of my own mind—and were there as sparks and guides and reminders to wake up—they became alive. They were runes for attention. Koans for attention. I could be red-skinned Vajrayogini dancing on the corpse of my own ego. There was no distinction between art and life, art and spirituality. All the sensory accoutrements for the practices plugged me in. The art was vibratory, alive. Emily Dickinson had asked of her own poetry, Does it&amp;nbsp;&lt;em style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;breathe&lt;/em&gt;?&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: georgia, times, serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;SO WHERE WAS THE RUB? As I was about to take refuge vows (where you give up personal history and attachment and take refuge in the Three Jewels: guru, dharma, and sangha) with the Tibetan lama Chatral Rinpoche shortly after touching Indian soil on our pilgrim-poets' journey, he said through the translator something to the effect of, Well, you'll have to surrender your imagination. Imagination! Was I hearing this properly? He was being quite matter-of-fact.&amp;nbsp;&lt;em style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;Imagination&lt;/em&gt;! How could I surrender my imagination, the mainstay of any person's art? Imagination: my most faithful companion! Imagination was like a lover. It kept me entertained constantly. It was a relationship that fed all aspects of my life. A friend had said to me, "Don't let Rinpoche and the monks see you reading books. They distrust books!" What had I gotten myself into? Books were my teachers! I wouldn't be where I am without books! This must be some kind of stupid cultural conditioning, I thought. And I remembered a line from Milarepa, something about reading&amp;nbsp;&lt;em style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;the whole world as a book&lt;/em&gt;. I kept my fingers crossed symbolically as I took the vow.&amp;nbsp;&lt;em style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;I would not surrender my imagination.&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;But I got serious about Buddhism nonetheless. And the imagination problem was in some ways like the woman problem, something you were expected to put up with.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: georgia, times, serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;"It's a cultural hangover—the feudal oligarchy, you know," one Western male student explained condescendingly about the Tibetan situation. "There is no difference when it comes to the dharma." And yet I watched grown women nuns accorded much less status than child monks. The monasteries had stricter rules concerning women. All women had to sit lower, give obeisance and defer to any man at the various ceremonies and initiations I attended. Women never sat on thrones. No reincarnate tulku tradition for women. I reasoned that without an active imagination, things would never change, that one could never really "see" the other person, that no matter how much compassionate practice you did, unless you could really acknowledge the historical and very particular suffering of women you would be stuck in a limited version of reality and enlightenment. Thus, both issues became linked in my mind. They were potent historical issues not to be trivialized.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: georgia, times, serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;It was a bit of a shock to discover that Buddhist cultures were no exception when it came to the repression, subjugation, and domestication of women, and that the Tibetan tradition—the tradition I was most curious about—was just as guilty of this kind of ignorance. And it was continuing in this vein, blithely, unconsciously. Yet the importance and dominance of the feminine permeate the tantric teachings. How to explain this? Why were women treated so poorly? It seems that the female—as energy principle, as cosmic cervix, as innate wisdom—could be imagined and exploited (and that was the key) as a visualized form. But respecting and honoring and dealing with the real woman with all her attendant power and energy was simply too threatening to the economy, to the patriarchal political power structure, to the lama "system." Women were meant to be mothers, nurturers, workers who supported the monolithic monastery structure. However, there were—as is coming to light—important exceptions outside the formal institutions. As one would guess, there did exist very powerful and empowered yoginis who have until recently been unsung. These were often outrageous, "crazy wisdom" practitioners who eschewed the normal paths, who faced inordinate challenges because of their commitment to the austerities of practice, who had to put up with cultural prejudice and male violence. They toppled the hierarchy in their practices. One example would be in the reversal of roles one sees in the tanka paintings depicting the Yab-Yum posture where the male deity dominates, locked in coitus with the much smaller female consort. Imagine, instead, the opposite: a huge female deity straddled by a much diminished male consort. "Yum-Yab" sets the patriarchy on its head.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: georgia, times, serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;I was first an artist, but also informed by a strong woman's body which unleashed, at times, a vivid imagination out of its pulsing cervix. I felt this as both a mystical and physical experience. This female form I inhabited was a sacred vessel and would never be the object of abuse, enslavement, eXploitation, or scorn. And as an artist, my body was every woman's. My writing seemed inextricably linked to the patternings of my particular female nervous system and the shifts and cycles of female time, not linear, narrative "male" time. As a novice Buddhist I knew this as a truth, and that both my body and my work were to be the "skillful means" to progress along a spiritual path. Thus, as I took those first vows, I decided to read my life and my very particular experiences in India "like a book." And India was an imagination you could not have imagined yourself, it was so fantastical, chimerical,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;unreal&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;em style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;How could anybody ever think this place up?&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: georgia, times, serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;I HAVE BEEN A SNOB most of my life. I do not trust people who do not read books. I will not work with a so-called writing student who thinks he or she is the first person ever to write a line of meaningful poetry, who thinks the classics are old-fashioned and/or "intimidating." One student had a line in a poem admonishing the listener to "tear up your dictionary." My dear boy, I cautioned, do&amp;nbsp;&lt;em style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;not&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;tear up your dictionary. You'll be an ignoramus the rest of your life! I intensely dislike the notion of poetry as&amp;nbsp;&lt;em style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;therapy&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;and do not subscribe to the facile idea that "everyone's a poet." Poetry is poetry. Do I claim to be a musician because I can crank out "Heart and Soul" on the piano, never having studied musical theory? I am not interested in stilling my mind in order to write nice peaceful friendly haiku. Frankly, I'm sick of cute meaningful haiku! I still my mind to see things as they really are, and they are powerful, vivid, strange, ordinary, heartbreaking, luminous, and basically empty of my projections of them. But for some perverse reason, that gives me energy and a desire to continue to live sanely, not harm others, to write, and perform my own writing to benefit myself and others. It's the best I can "contribute." Isn't that New Agey enough? And it gives me an even greater ongoing commitment to the study and teaching of other writing and world literatures, and to pass on this passion and intensity. To go to Sappho, Mirabai, Euripides, Dante, Shakespeare, Emily Dickinson, Ezra Pound, Gertrude Stein, W. B. Yeats, Samuel Beckett, Navaho song, and countless other poetries as sacred text. To attend them for the insight, beauty, truths,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;energy&lt;/em&gt;they provide. Reading such writing does not enhance ignorance, aggression, greed, and other vices. On the contrary, such a reading habit awakens, delights, challenges consciousness. It is a wisdom practice. I feel bold in declaring the study and writing of poetry as a complete path.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;When we founded the Naropa Institute in Boulder, Colorado, in the summer of 1974—the first Buddhist-inspired, contemplative college in the West—(I had been back in the U.S. several months from Asia) Trungpa Rinpoche suggested we think of it as "a hundred-year project, at least." He wanted meditators to know something about poetry and vice versa. At a meeting (which included John Cage and Gregory Bateson), Allen Ginsberg, Diane di Prima, and I were invited to design a Writing and Poetics Department which we promptly named, after a great night of deliberation and fantastical imaginings, "The Jack Kerouac School of Disembodied Poetics." Why such an exotic moniker? Kerouac, not only an experimental prose writer, was one of the finest spontaneous "Be-Bop" poets. He had also realized the First Noble Truth, the truth of suffering, had glimpsed&amp;nbsp;&lt;em style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;satori&lt;/em&gt;, and had read intensely in dharma matters and literatures. "Disembodied" was the wild card, a flash-in-the-pan inspiration that stuck. It suggested that although not all the great teachers were alive and present in their bodies, their work was still active and hovering on the hearts and tongues of young contemporaries, and we were still feeding on these elders with a sense of continuing the lineage. Around Buddhist scenes you hear a lot of talk of "lineage." These concepts, if you will, certainly didn't sound alien to the poets' ears. In our founding poetics statement we declared:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;blockquote style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: url(http://www.tricycle.com/sites/all/themes/tricycle/images/back_blockquote.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(230, 230, 230); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 3px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 60px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 5px; quotes: none; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;Though not all the poetry teachers are Buddhist, nor is it required of the teachers and students in this secular school to follow any specific meditative path, it is the happy accident of this century's poetic history—especially since Gertrude Stein—that the quality of mind and mindfulness probed by U.S. poetry is related to quality of mind probed by Buddhist practice. There being no party line but mindfulness of thought and language itself, no conflict need rise between "religion" and "poetry," and the marriage of two disciplines at Naropa is expected to flourish during the next hundred years.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;Trungpa, himself an artist and poet, had from the outset given his sanction and provided generous accommodation for us to teach writing and poetics under the auspices of a contemplative school. A college founded on the principles of non-competitiveness and non-aggression was welcome ground for both seasoned old-dog poets and aspiring ones, a group consistently marginalized in society, who needed a haven for work and study. I dubbed "our" particular poetry-teaching lineage "outriders," in that we were not interested in being "academic" poets—vying for tenure—but wanted to "honor poetry itself' by having it taught by practicing writers whose primary preoccupation was poeticizing rather than teaching, and to continue a tradition of a national convocation of poets working with open and experimental forms. Don't take criticism from anyone who has not written a notable work of art, was Ezra Pound's dictum. Thus we were committed to working outside the academic mainstream. Would you prefer to go to a professor in religious studies to study dharma, or gravitate toward an authentic guru who was active in the practice him- or herself?&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;img height="450" src="http://www.tricycle.com/files/images/shapely2.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; float: left; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 3px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" width="275" /&gt;And yet there seemed a subtle underlying mistrust, and fear of these "outrider" poets by some of the more dyed-in-the-wool Buddhists around the Boulder area as well as students coming to Naropa for other studies, particularly in psychology and Buddhism. A cautious mutual suspicion developed which at first seemed merely a question of language and style. The poets dressed funny, their talk was salty, hyperbolic, witty. The Trungpa Buddhists were dressing up in suits and ties, looked stiff and humorless and used insufferable, vapid buzzwords all the time. They were perceived as clones. The poets were still "tangible" individuals. But they smoked dope, wore their hair long, and were solipsistic, self-involved, politically active. I remember how issues would arise over the effectiveness of demonstrating at the nearby Rocky Flats plutonium plant. The poets (and other local artists) would be out on the front lines, the Buddhists stayed at home.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;em style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;Vajravarahi, central Asia, 12th Century, gouache on cotton&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;THE BUDDHISTS FELT it was naive to think you could change the world, you had to change your own mind, work with your own pollution first! The poets didn't think twice about going to Rocky Flats, exposing themselves to radiation, getting arrested. The projections got stranger and stranger and led to further breaches of friendship and general mistrust all around. The Buddhists saw all poets as "trouble," and the non-Naropa poets carried on their campaign against the "Yellow Peril!" Meanwhile, there were those of us caught between the two worlds, dwelling in a kind of interstitial nightmare, wanting to get on with the business of writing and teaching and practicing Buddhism as well. And wanting to respect the "vision" of our little fledgling college (the arts program was inspired in part by the now-historic Black Mountain College) and maintain the contemplative backdrop. "Should we pull out our Kerouac school and move it to New Jersey?" I agonized. Those of us "inside" knew there were no evil scenarios afoot, and yet the issues raised were real and presented valid conundrums. Do you throw your "discriminating awareness wisdom"—your&amp;nbsp;&lt;em style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;prajna&lt;/em&gt;—into the fire when you "take refuge?" Do you surrender everything to enter the dharma path? Is your ego supposed to be thoroughly maligned and insulted? Can't there be&amp;nbsp;&lt;em style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;any&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;holdout? Do teachers abuse their power? Certainly that's been proven repeatedly. And Trungpa and other spiritual teachers, in spite of their profound teaching, were no exception. Some of the Eastern teachers were slow to comprehend that they were, as males, perpetuating an exploitative pattern, even in the name of compassion and egolessness. That they were repeating the same victimization and authoritative paradigms that exist in a predominantly patriarchal, consumeristic, theistic Western culture. Arguments were made for the ultimate "meaning" of such power plays—that both men and women were being tested, released, zapped from this deity who had descended from an exotic "above" and was willing to work with&amp;nbsp;&lt;em style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;our&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;neurosis. It was an "honor" to spend time with the teacher. Every word, every gesture, every nuance, every kiss was a "teaching." The irresponsible behavior and rampant sexism of many Buddhist teachers were particularly confusing to women. It was hard to stomach at times. One spoke out. One didn't swallow the Buddhist version with its sexism whole. One had to separate out the real psychological truths of the teachings, get beyond the habitual patterns of ignorant sexist conditioning. Again, imagination was needed. I felt that a poetics school would be a good antidote to the conservative underpinnings of the Tibetan-style enlightened monarchy, and the American Protestant work ethic, which basically mistrusts art. Yet, I wondered, were there unalterable rules to being Buddhist just as there were unspoken rules about being an artist? Who cooked up the vows, anyway? How could an artist—and a female one at that—get into such matters deeply? Were art and dharma really at odds? Where had the misconception intervened? Wasn't the best writing really free of ownership and ego anyway? Wasn't that obvious to everyone? Didn't the imagination cut through personal, confessional indulgence and extend out, empathetically, to others?&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;I queried some friends on these matters of art versus dharma. One artist said he had originally had more of a conflict between the notion of dharma and Freudian theory than between dharma and poetry. The confusion between the two very distinct meanings of "ego" was at first troubling. Then he realized that the welldeveloped ego in the Freudian sense had the strength to recognize its insubstantiality, its egolessness in the Buddhist sense. "But it was art that essentially drew me into Zen—particularly the poetries of India, Japan, China." There was no conflict, he stressed. Poet Diane di Prima spoke emphatically of her sense of the imagination in her poetry and her early relationship to the Zen teacher Suzuki Roshi. "My work, my life, is images. This is what I do. When I first began sitting zazen I realized I was clearing my mind. By practicing deeply, the images start to flow. My teacher never contradicted this." She continued, "Dharma practice and art are two sides of the same coin. Meditation is a rest from the art work. Dogen has described zazen as falling asleep in the arms of your mother." Another poet also remarked that she engaged in practice to "clear her head for writing," and how in working with the practice of "capping phrases" and lines like "the rat is at its wit's end in the monkey tube" in the Zen tradition she was using her "art mind" as well, and how rich that tradition of images was. A student writer remarked that although she was attracted to dharma practice she noticed that many practitioners she met were arrogant and snobbish and became terribly "pious" around dharma matters, needing to whisper all of a sudden as if Vajravarahi, central Asia, twelfth century, gouache on cotton everything were "suddenly too sacred, fragile, precious." And the Zen master or guru? "That's personal.&amp;nbsp;&lt;em style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;You&lt;/em&gt;have to check that person out thoroughly, go with your gut feeling. There are some good teachers around." Amazingly, there have been teachers for centuries and many of them were artists and poets. Milarepa, Hakuin Zenji, to name a few. . .&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;Don't you need personal history to write? I do. Don't you need conflict to give rise to creativity? I do. Wouldn't it be frightening to have that resolved? No, but. . . I remember William Burroughs abandoning his typewriter but refusing to give up his pen and paper when he went on a meditative retreat (of his own design, it must be said). "What if some fabulous idea, image, story, phrase came up and I didn't catch it? What if the greatest idea for a novel or story came to me and I didn't get it? I'd be a damn fool!" For the upwardly mobile meditator you could posit the reverse. What if some amazingly fantastical idea came up and I dwelled on it and I didn't let it go? I'd be a fool!&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;IN BALI THERE IS NO WORD for art. Yet syncretic Hindu-Buddhist-Balinese Bali is one of the most artistic and spiritually integrated cultures still extant on the face of the earth. Art is so integrated into everyday life, each gesture of dance and gamelan so refined that one is indeed inside it. There is no neurotic separation, no pious sentimentality separating the mundane and the sacred. Humans there make art to perpetuate the balance of the world and after working in rice paddies during the day become gods and goddesses psychologically as they perform at night. The artists are not named or credited in the ritual performances. There is communal effort to these events. There is little aggression and violence in this culture. People are extremely dignified, open, generous. One's whole life is practice, is art.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;Both, both. And yet in this culture, when you sit you sit. When you make art you make art. When you write you write. Writers are involved in the practice of writing. If you've been serious long enough there's no way back. When you've been serious long enough about Buddhist practice there's no way back. And when you are writing you are not sitting on the tatami mat or meditation cushion, you are generally at a desk which in many ways resembles a shrine. You are plugged in, you are awake, your mind is shapely, your art is shapely. Your cushion is in the corner awaiting its turn. It's 3 A.M. The poem is done. You'll light the shrine candles and begin a Red Tara sadhana for your father who has recently died. Imagine this: a beautiful red woman holding a red utpala flower by the stem and within the petals of the flower is a fully drawn bow and arrow made of delicate flowers. She is known as the "open door to bliss and ultimate awareness."&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;em style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;strong style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;Anne Waldman&lt;/strong&gt;'s most recent book is&amp;nbsp;&lt;/em&gt;IOVIS&lt;em style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;(Coffee House Press). She is the Director of the Jack Kerouac School of Disembodied Poetics at the Naropa Institute and recently co-edited a book of lectures from the Naropa poetics program, to be published by the University of New Mexico Press.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/7562027159907211241-2064954380577010690?l=mapasyapuntes.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://mapasyapuntes.blogspot.com/feeds/2064954380577010690/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://mapasyapuntes.blogspot.com/2011/07/mind-is-shapely-art-is-shapely-anne.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7562027159907211241/posts/default/2064954380577010690'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7562027159907211241/posts/default/2064954380577010690'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://mapasyapuntes.blogspot.com/2011/07/mind-is-shapely-art-is-shapely-anne.html' title='Mind is Shapely, Art is Shapely, Anne Waldman'/><author><name>Damnatio Memoriae</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/12504964180026976320</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='31' height='32' src='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_8LONHn-XDWQ/TJVlUXxsjUI/AAAAAAAAA0s/6vYpQ1qHz6k/S220/img012+-+copia+-+copia+-+copia+(2).jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7562027159907211241.post-5279500308343873434</id><published>2011-05-06T11:07:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2011-05-06T11:07:45.993-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='UBUWEBCONCEPTUALWRITING'/><title type='text'>THE UBUWEB ANTHOLOGY OF CONCEPTUAL WRITING</title><content type='html'>&lt;div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: 10px;"&gt;&lt;img align="middle" border="0" src="http://www.ubu.com/images/concept_title2.gif" /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;img align="middle" border="0" src="http://www.ubu.com/images/dworkin.gif" /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: 10px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: 10px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: 10px;"&gt;Poetry expresses the emotional truth of the self. A craft honed by especially sensitive individuals, it puts metaphor and image in the service of song.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: 10px;"&gt;Or at least that's the story we've inherited from Romanticism, handed down for over 200 years in a caricatured and mummified ethos - and as if it still made sense after two centuries of radical social change. It's a story we all know so well that the terms of its once avant-garde formulation by William Wordsworth are still familiar, even if its original manifesto tone has been lost: "I have said," he famously reiterated, "that poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings; it takes its origin from emotion recollected in tranquility."&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: 10px;"&gt;But what would a non-expressive poetry look like? A poetry of intellect rather than emotion? One in which the substitutions at the heart of metaphor and image were replaced by the direct presentation of language itself, with "spontaneous overflow" supplanted by meticulous procedure and exhaustively logical process? In which the self-regard of the poet's ego were turned back onto the self-reflexive language of the poem itself? So that the test of poetry were no longer whether it could have been done better (the question of the workshop), but whether it could conceivably have been done otherwise.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: 10px;"&gt;The works presented here provide one set of answers to those questions. Moreover, from the modernist experiments of Gertrude Stein and Samuel Beckett to the neodadaism of Fluxus, they hint at the range of alternatives and challenges that have been presented to the Romantic lineage of expressive poetry. This collection intends to both recall those traditions and complicate their multiple and intersecting histories. In the social context of its publication, for instance, Alan Davies' a an av es is part of the published record of Language Poetry. At the same time, its mode of composition also gestures towardsL'Ouvoir de littérature potentielle [The Workshop for Potential Literature], or OuLiPo for short. The work is a multiple lipogram known as the "prisoner's constraint," in which only letters without ascenders or descenders are permitted - perhaps to be able to write in closely spaced lines and conserve the prisoner's ration of paper, or, more fancifully, to be free of the bars even of letters. Similar crossings occur in Tomoko Minami's 38, which references both the constraint based collages of Walter Abish, in works such as Alphabetical Africaand (especially) 99: The New Meaning, as well as the syllabic rearticulations of Kenneth Goldsmith's No. 111. At the same time, the writerly pleasures of 38 are made legible by the radical abstractions of sound poetry and the reduced referentiality of the twentieth century's most extreme avant-garde writing. Likewise, Christian Bök's String Variables combines the permissions granted by post-Language Poetry lyricism with the constraints of the OuLiPo. It takes the form of a "charade," in which alphabetic characters are respaced but not reordered, effecting what the Russian Futurists called sdvig: the shift of verbal mass within a text.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: 10px;"&gt;One should not forget the OuLiPo's origins in the College de 'Pataphysique, and that lettristic shift in String Variables might equally be seen as the swerve of Alfred Jarry's clinamen: the chance swerve of one element of a system that results in a reengineering of the whole. That swerve, in short, bends the rules of the game but continues to play. Indeed, many of these works embody the misapplied rigor and alternative logics of Jarry's 'pataphysics: "the science of imaginary solutions, which symbolically attributes the properties of objects, described by their virtuality, to their lineaments." Jarry's science investigates "the probabilities and necessities of a certain situation," to borrow from Aristotle's definition of poetry, and it accordingly studies particulars, singularities, and exceptions with an absurd necessity, projecting those moments through their logical extremes. 'Pataphysics combines incompatible systems as though they were natural extensions of one another; or it establishes structures and allows them to exhaust their own possibilities; or it puts pressure on closed systems until the logic of a particular form devours itself in an oroborian autophagy. In other words, 'pataphysics is the mental version of Yves Klein's sauté dane le vide [leap into the void], or Bas Jan Ader's second Fall (executed exactly a decade later, in 1970): the clinanematic swerve of his Jarryesque bicycle into the brack of an Amsterdam canal.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: 10px;"&gt;Like Ader, the majority of the writers here were participants in the set of contemporaneous practices that came to be known as "Conceptual Art." I want to stress, however, that this anthology is not meant to be a collection of writings by conceptual artists but a collection of distinctly conceptual writing. There are many works of conceptual music, for instance, but John Cage's Cheap Imitation - like the third movement of Todd Levin's Between My Mouth And Your Ear, which was derived by erasing the accidentals in one of Iannis Xenakis' scores - is an essentially written work (and not just because it has been scored). Accordingly, one might expand the sense of "writing" here to include a works like Ceal Floyer's Ink on Paper (2002) - a felt pen placed in the center of a piece of paper and allowed to bleed out - or Dávid Nez' 1970 piece "documenting vibrations of travel" during a trip: a felt pen placed in the center of a piece of paper and allowed to vibrate naturally across the surface in a seismographic waver and fit.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: 10px;"&gt;Such works manifest some of the tensions in this collection between materiality and concept. These works negotiate between the modernist emphasis on the material of art (in many cases here that means the materiality of language itself) and a post-modernist understanding of a theoretically based art that is independent of genre, so that a particular poem might have more in common with a particular musical score, or film, or sculpture than with another lyric. Similarly, these works remind us that the "dematerialization" of the art object in the late 1960s and early 70s was accompanied by a rematerialization of language: "language as a material entity, as something that wasn't involved in ideational values," as "printed matter - information which has a kind of physical presence," as Robert Smithson put it. "My sense of language," Smithson summed up, "is that it is matter and not ideas - i.e. 'printed matter'." In sum:A Heap of Language. Accordingly, the conceptual writing collected here is not so much writing in which the idea is more important than anything else as a writing in which the idea cannot be separated from the writing itself: in which the instance of writing is inextricably intertwined with the idea of Writing: the material practice of écriture.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: 10px;"&gt;Conceptualizing writing in that way returns us, perhaps surprisingly, to a poetry of form. But not to a form - to the received forms of sonnets and quatrains and the like, with their familiar schemes of stress and rhyme. Instead, the new forms and structures of conceptual writing recall the sense of artifice, constraint, and perversity that the sonnet too must once have embodied. Conceptual writing is the writing of the new new formalism, and far from being a relic of the period Lucy Lippard documented in her invaluable Six Years (1966 to 1972), it has characterized some of the most rigorous and exciting work from twenty-first century writers such as Dan Farrell and Mónica de la Torre.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: 10px;"&gt;For all of the ground suggested by this expanded field, the expected disclaimer: far from complete or archival, this collection is meant as a small preview gallery or first sampler of conceptual writing. From here, interested readers might move out in a number of directions: to Robert Morris' 1962 sculpture Card File [collection Musée National d'Art Moderne, Centre Georges Pompidou, Paris]; to Frank Kuenstler's extraordinary book In Which; to György Ligeti's poème symphonique (for 100 metronomes); to Michael Snow's videoFridge; to the perl-scripted Apostrophe Engine of Bill Kennedy and Darren Wershler-Henry; to well beyond.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: 10px;"&gt;In the end, this collection is an attempt to remember the end of Wordsworth's sentence: poetry is that form which "does itself actually exist in the mind."&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: 10px;"&gt;Or, to put this all another way: This is an essay about Robert Rauschenberg if I say so.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: 10px;"&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.ubu.com/concept/"&gt;http://www.ubu.com/concept/&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/7562027159907211241-5279500308343873434?l=mapasyapuntes.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://mapasyapuntes.blogspot.com/feeds/5279500308343873434/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://mapasyapuntes.blogspot.com/2011/05/ubuweb-anthology-of-conceptual-writing.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7562027159907211241/posts/default/5279500308343873434'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7562027159907211241/posts/default/5279500308343873434'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://mapasyapuntes.blogspot.com/2011/05/ubuweb-anthology-of-conceptual-writing.html' title='THE UBUWEB ANTHOLOGY OF CONCEPTUAL WRITING'/><author><name>Damnatio Memoriae</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/12504964180026976320</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='31' height='32' src='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_8LONHn-XDWQ/TJVlUXxsjUI/AAAAAAAAA0s/6vYpQ1qHz6k/S220/img012+-+copia+-+copia+-+copia+(2).jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7562027159907211241.post-3973844411493308477</id><published>2011-04-26T22:47:00.001-07:00</published><updated>2011-04-26T22:47:47.115-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Pauline Oliveros'/><title type='text'></title><content type='html'>&lt;div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"&gt;&lt;iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="510" src="http://www.youtube.com/embed/KpawU0ta3JA?rel=0" title="YouTube video player" width="853"&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/7562027159907211241-3973844411493308477?l=mapasyapuntes.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://mapasyapuntes.blogspot.com/feeds/3973844411493308477/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://mapasyapuntes.blogspot.com/2011/04/youtube-video-player.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7562027159907211241/posts/default/3973844411493308477'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7562027159907211241/posts/default/3973844411493308477'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://mapasyapuntes.blogspot.com/2011/04/youtube-video-player.html' title=''/><author><name>Damnatio Memoriae</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/12504964180026976320</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='31' height='32' src='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_8LONHn-XDWQ/TJVlUXxsjUI/AAAAAAAAA0s/6vYpQ1qHz6k/S220/img012+-+copia+-+copia+-+copia+(2).jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://img.youtube.com/vi/KpawU0ta3JA/default.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7562027159907211241.post-805113257743549433</id><published>2011-04-26T22:36:00.001-07:00</published><updated>2011-04-26T22:36:38.652-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Pauline Oliveros'/><title type='text'>The Telecolonization Performance</title><content type='html'>&lt;div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"&gt;&lt;div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="510" src="http://www.youtube.com/embed/wJg15PBRTQ0?rel=0" title="YouTube video player" width="640"&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;One of the joys in performing telematically is the ability to not only hear your collaborator, but also to see them. Therefore, a challenge in presenting artistic video imagery for a telematic performance is to do so without obscuring the image of the distant performer. One way to do this is to create a custom software application that can manipulate the (virtual) space within which the performer exists. This was achieved for the concept of the Telecolonization performance at ICAD 2007 by presenting a series of still images representing the spaces to be "colonized" -- hence referred to as "static images." The performers would then be revealed within these spaces through their movement as they performed with their instruments. The more motion created by the performer, the more their image would be revealed. Gradually over the course of the performance the static image of the space would become increasingly opaque, and the end would reveal the performers in the actual space of the studio.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In order to achieve this effect a video frame taken of the performance space was captured into a buffer at an adjustable interval of every 500ms to 2,000ms. This frame was then subtracted from each successive frame of live video. Any differences between the pixels of the stored frame and the pixels from the live video signal constituted movement. The different pixels were then blended with the alpha channel of the static image, revealing the movements of the performer. The imagery for the Telecolonization performance consisted (in order of appearance) of a landscape image of a sunset, the texture of a cave wall, and a partly cloudy sky. The images were changed based upon the progression of the performance.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The video system for this performance consisted of two cameras, an analog video mixer, and a computer running the Max/MSP/Jitter application. A second computer, running a special video streaming software, was used to stream the effected video to the remote location. This same system was used for the later performance at Siggraph 2007. The Siggraph performance, however, used a series of videos in place of static imagery. This gave the visuals for that performance a more fluid feeling.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/7562027159907211241-805113257743549433?l=mapasyapuntes.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://mapasyapuntes.blogspot.com/feeds/805113257743549433/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://mapasyapuntes.blogspot.com/2011/04/telecolonization-performance.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7562027159907211241/posts/default/805113257743549433'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7562027159907211241/posts/default/805113257743549433'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://mapasyapuntes.blogspot.com/2011/04/telecolonization-performance.html' title='The Telecolonization Performance'/><author><name>Damnatio Memoriae</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/12504964180026976320</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='31' height='32' src='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_8LONHn-XDWQ/TJVlUXxsjUI/AAAAAAAAA0s/6vYpQ1qHz6k/S220/img012+-+copia+-+copia+-+copia+(2).jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://img.youtube.com/vi/wJg15PBRTQ0/default.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7562027159907211241.post-5820253960577871122</id><published>2011-04-26T22:17:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2011-04-26T22:17:49.080-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Música'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Estética'/><title type='text'>Music with roots in the aether: Pauline Oliveros</title><content type='html'>&lt;div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px;"&gt;&lt;h3 style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://blog.dharma.art.br/post/4972598525/music-with-roots-in-the-aether-pauline-oliveros" style="color: black; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"&gt;Music with roots in the aether: Pauline Oliveros&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;img src="http://media.tumblr.com/tumblr_lkadt7RGZk1qc1aor.jpg" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; height: auto; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; max-width: 830px;" /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;em&gt;Pauline Oliveros&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;strong&gt;By Carlos A. Inada / From São Paulo&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Pauline Oliveros is an American accordionist and composer, and a central figure in the development of post-war electronic art music. In a&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.criticalimprov.com/article/viewArticle/851" style="color: black; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank"&gt;text&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;on John Cage, Oliveros and Eastern and Western philosophy in music, Tracy McMullen highlights Oliveros’s importance:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;Oliveros’s work has often been overlooked by music historians, most pointedly after her turn to the body and improvisation. Her focus on embodiment, improvisation, and the dismantling of the mind/body dualism troubles the primacy of the individual and the universal over the contingent.&amp;nbsp;As such, her work has been marginalized in discourses with a stake in maintaining a Western enlightenment view that demands a split between self and other, a split that improvisation calls into question.&lt;br /&gt;[…] In my view, the most radical elements of Cage’s and Oliveros’s work involve their questioning of the artistic self or “ego” and can be traced to the influence of non-Western philosophies such as Buddhism.&lt;/blockquote&gt;In the interview below with composer Robert Ashley, for his program&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Music with Roots in the Aether&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(1975), Oliveros discusses her work and her view of listening:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;I have been working on my consciousness, and the result is the music. I have a task to do, I have to give up my intentions as far as the sound is concerned. If intention arises, I have to wait until I have no intentions. Then the sound changes from there. It becomes involuntary. […]&lt;br /&gt;I realized I wasn’t listening very much. So I gave myself the task of listening to everything all the time, from that point. And reminding myself when I wasn’t listening, I became more and more aware of not listening. Then I began to listen more inwardly as well as outwardly.&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;div height="498" width="830"&gt;&lt;embed allowfullscreen="true" allowscriptaccess="never" flashvars="file=http://ubumexico.centro.org.mx/video/flash/Ashley-Robert_Opera-4-TV-5_Pauline-Oliveros_1976-sm.flv&amp;amp;volume=100&amp;amp;plugins=viral-1d" height="498" src="http://ubu.artmob.ca/video/flash/player-viral.swf" width="830"&gt;&lt;/embed&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;small&gt;Landscape with Pauline Oliveros&lt;em&gt;, from&amp;nbsp;&lt;/em&gt;Music with Roots in the Aether&lt;em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(1975). Video via&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.ubu.com/film/oliveros.html" style="color: black; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank"&gt;UbuWeb&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;object height="671" width="830"&gt;&lt;embed height="671" width="830" allowfullscreen="true" allowscriptaccess="always" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" src="http://www.youtube.com/v/G9GJCL3PpYA?fs=1&amp;amp;hl=en_US&amp;amp;rel=0"&gt;&lt;/object&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;small&gt;“Bye Bye Butterfly” (1965), by Pauline Oliveros. An accomplished accordionist, Oliveros was also fascinated in her childhood “by the whistling noise found when searching for radio stations”. This excerpt “demonstrates her mastery of sonic texture ― impressively fluttering between a ‘found sound’ opera piece and a quivering electrical hum.” The video is adapted from a 1920 documentary called&amp;nbsp;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;small&gt;Heavenly&lt;/small&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;small&gt;.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;object height="671" width="830"&gt;&lt;embed height="671" width="830" allowfullscreen="true" allowscriptaccess="always" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" src="http://www.youtube.com/v/rgNdvCilXvU?fs=1&amp;amp;hl=en_US&amp;amp;rel=0"&gt;&lt;/object&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;small&gt;Pauline Oliveros interprets “The Fool’s Circle”&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;a href="http://blog.dharma.art.br/post/4972598525/music-with-roots-in-the-aether-pauline-oliveros"&gt;http://blog.dharma.art.br/post/4972598525/music-with-roots-in-the-aether-pauline-oliveros&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/7562027159907211241-5820253960577871122?l=mapasyapuntes.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://mapasyapuntes.blogspot.com/feeds/5820253960577871122/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://mapasyapuntes.blogspot.com/2011/04/music-with-roots-in-aether-pauline.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7562027159907211241/posts/default/5820253960577871122'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7562027159907211241/posts/default/5820253960577871122'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://mapasyapuntes.blogspot.com/2011/04/music-with-roots-in-aether-pauline.html' title='Music with roots in the aether: Pauline Oliveros'/><author><name>Damnatio Memoriae</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/12504964180026976320</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='31' height='32' src='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_8LONHn-XDWQ/TJVlUXxsjUI/AAAAAAAAA0s/6vYpQ1qHz6k/S220/img012+-+copia+-+copia+-+copia+(2).jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7562027159907211241.post-7989293086275055861</id><published>2011-04-15T21:41:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2011-04-15T21:42:11.897-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Do Easy'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Burroughs'/><title type='text'>Do Easy</title><content type='html'>&lt;div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: right;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;“From these impressions of Vipassana, Burroughs evolved a mindfulness methodology of his own, tailored to his solitary life in London during those years: the ‘Discipline of D.E.,’ or ‘Do Easy.’ This was an elaborate system for carrying out household chores with a minimum of physical effort.”&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;D.E. is a way of doing. D.E. simply means doing whatever you do in the easiest most relaxed way you can manage which is also the quickest and most efficient way, as you will find as you advance in D.E.&lt;br /&gt;You can start right now tidying up your flat, moving furniture or books, washing dishes, making tea, sorting papers. Don’t fumble, jerk, grab an object. Drop cool possessive fingers onto it like a gentle old cop making a soft arrest. Guide the dustpan lightly to the floor as if you were landing a plane.&lt;br /&gt;Here is a student at work. The student considers heavy objects. Tape recorder on the desk taking up too much space and he doesn’t use it very often. So put it under the washstand.&lt;br /&gt;You will discover clumsy things you’ve been doing for years until you think that is just the way things are.&lt;br /&gt;Now try again lifting shifting pivoting dropping on the legs just so and right under the washstand.&lt;br /&gt;He is learning the simple miracles… The Miracle of the Washstand Glass...&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The beginner can think of D.E. as a game. You are running an obstacle course the obstacles set up by your opponent. As soon as you attempt to put D.E. into practice you will find that you have an opponent very clever and resourceful with detailed knowledge of you weaknesses and above all expert in diverting your attention for the moment necessary to drop a plate on the kitchen floor. Who or what is this opponent that makes you spill drop and fumble slip and fall? Groddeck and Freud called it the ID a built in self-destructive mechanism. Mr Hubbard calls it the Reactive Mind. You will disconnect ID as you advance in the discipline of D.E. D.E. brings you into direct conflict with the ID in present time where you can control your moves. You can beat the ID in present time.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="510" src="http://www.youtube.com/embed/ochyO45Jb0g?rel=0" title="YouTube video player" width="640"&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://blog.dharma.art.br/post/4638990531/burroughs-on-buddhism"&gt;http://blog.dharma.art.br/post/4638990531/burroughs-on-buddhism&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/7562027159907211241-7989293086275055861?l=mapasyapuntes.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://mapasyapuntes.blogspot.com/feeds/7989293086275055861/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://mapasyapuntes.blogspot.com/2011/04/do-easy.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7562027159907211241/posts/default/7989293086275055861'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7562027159907211241/posts/default/7989293086275055861'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://mapasyapuntes.blogspot.com/2011/04/do-easy.html' title='Do Easy'/><author><name>Damnatio Memoriae</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/12504964180026976320</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='31' height='32' src='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_8LONHn-XDWQ/TJVlUXxsjUI/AAAAAAAAA0s/6vYpQ1qHz6k/S220/img012+-+copia+-+copia+-+copia+(2).jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://img.youtube.com/vi/ochyO45Jb0g/default.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7562027159907211241.post-8257943927210590700</id><published>2011-03-19T13:16:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2011-03-19T13:17:36.219-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Filosofía'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Heidegger'/><title type='text'>Human all too human - Martin Heidegger</title><content type='html'>&lt;div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"&gt;&lt;embed allowfullscreen="true" allowscriptaccess="always" id="VideoPlayback" src="http://video.google.com/googleplayer.swf?docid=-858369328131624007&amp;amp;hl=es&amp;amp;fs=true" style="height: 526px; width: 700px;" type="application/x-shockwave-flash"&gt;&lt;/embed&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/7562027159907211241-8257943927210590700?l=mapasyapuntes.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://mapasyapuntes.blogspot.com/feeds/8257943927210590700/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://mapasyapuntes.blogspot.com/2011/03/human-all-too-human-martin-heidegger.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7562027159907211241/posts/default/8257943927210590700'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7562027159907211241/posts/default/8257943927210590700'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://mapasyapuntes.blogspot.com/2011/03/human-all-too-human-martin-heidegger.html' title='Human all too human - Martin Heidegger'/><author><name>Damnatio Memoriae</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/12504964180026976320</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='31' height='32' src='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_8LONHn-XDWQ/TJVlUXxsjUI/AAAAAAAAA0s/6vYpQ1qHz6k/S220/img012+-+copia+-+copia+-+copia+(2).jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7562027159907211241.post-791102835812193526</id><published>2011-03-12T18:15:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2011-03-12T18:18:06.216-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Arte'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Chögyam Trungpa'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Estética'/><title type='text'>Basic Goodness and Harmony. Boulder, July 1978. Talk Four of Visual Dharma Seminar by Chögyam Trungpa</title><content type='html'>&lt;div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"&gt;&lt;div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: white;"&gt;:) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: right;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;iframe frameborder="0" height="592" src="http://dotsub.com/media/daa46009-db33-43d2-894f-03458408a02d/e/l" width="680"&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: white;"&gt;:)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/7562027159907211241-791102835812193526?l=mapasyapuntes.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://mapasyapuntes.blogspot.com/feeds/791102835812193526/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://mapasyapuntes.blogspot.com/2011/03/basic-goodness-and-harmony-boulder-july.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7562027159907211241/posts/default/791102835812193526'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7562027159907211241/posts/default/791102835812193526'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://mapasyapuntes.blogspot.com/2011/03/basic-goodness-and-harmony-boulder-july.html' title='Basic Goodness and Harmony. Boulder, July 1978. Talk Four of Visual Dharma Seminar by Chögyam Trungpa'/><author><name>Damnatio Memoriae</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/12504964180026976320</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='31' height='32' src='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_8LONHn-XDWQ/TJVlUXxsjUI/AAAAAAAAA0s/6vYpQ1qHz6k/S220/img012+-+copia+-+copia+-+copia+(2).jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7562027159907211241.post-9198326460836477814</id><published>2011-03-12T16:34:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2011-03-12T16:34:10.094-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Filosofía'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Arte'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Jorge Volpi'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Estética'/><title type='text'>Yo soy una novela. Jorge Volpi</title><content type='html'>&lt;div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="color: #222222; font-family: 'Times New Roman', arial, verdana; font-size: 14px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td height="20px" style="color: #222222; font-family: 'Times New Roman', arial, verdana; font-size: 14px; text-align: left;" valign="top"&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: #666666; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 13px; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #222222; font-family: 'Times New Roman', arial, verdana; font-size: 14px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="nota" id="body2099175" style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;div style="color: #222222; font-family: 'Times New Roman', arial, verdana; font-size: 14px; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;em class="" style="font-size: 14px;"&gt;Reconocer el mundo e inventarlo son mecanismos paralelos que apenas se distinguen entre sí. Jorge Volpi demuestra en este ensayo que la ficción desata procesos cerebrales que nos entrenan para enfrentar la vida&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: #222222; font-family: 'Times New Roman', arial, verdana; font-size: 14px; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;em class="" style="font-size: 14px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: #222222; font-family: 'Times New Roman', arial, verdana; font-size: 14px; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;em class="" style="font-size: 14px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="" style="color: #222222; font-family: 'Times New Roman', arial, verdana; font-size: 14px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"&gt;En su discurso tras recibir un importante premio literario, un célebre escritor estadunidense confesó que adoraba las novelas porque, a diferencia de casi cualquier otra cosa, éstas no sirven para nada. No sé si la memoria me engaña —y, como habrá de verse más adelante, a fin de cuentas tampoco importa demasiado.&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;Para el escritor neoyorquino real, o para el que ahora dibujo en mi mente (¿o debería decir en mi cerebro?), la ficción literaria, y acaso toda manifestación artística, se distingue por carecer de un fin práctico fuera de lo que suele llamarse, con cierta pedantería, el goce estético: no es ni el primero ni el último en suscribir esta tesis. Una tesis de incierto origen romántico que, como trataré de demostrar en estas páginas, es esencialmente falsa.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="" style="color: #222222; font-family: 'Times New Roman', arial, verdana; font-size: 14px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="" style="color: #222222; font-family: 'Times New Roman', arial, verdana; font-size: 14px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;img alt="novela" id="id1957075847312808" src="http://www.nexos.com.mx/?P=editomultimediafile&amp;amp;Multimedia=2011&amp;amp;Type=1" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; float: right; font-size: 14px; margin-left: 10px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 10px; text-align: right;" /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="" style="color: #666666; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: #222222; font-family: 'Times New Roman', arial, verdana; font-size: 14px; text-align: justify;"&gt;Sólo en las sociedades que han llegado a ser lo suficientemente prósperas o lo suficientemente descreídas, las obras de arte han sido apreciadas como tales: objetos valiosos, susceptibles de ser comprados o vendidos, pero cuyo valor no depende de su utilidad, sino de la vanidad de sus dueños o la codicia de sus admiradores. Durante buena parte de la Antigüedad, con excepción quizás de la Atenas de Platón o la Roma imperial, mientras se prolongaron las esquivas sombras del Medioevo e incluso en otros momentos puntuales de la historia, un artista o un artesano jamás hubiese suscrito una idea semejante: a sus oídos no sólo hubiese sonado herética, sino absurda. Su trabajo era tan práctico, aun si se trataba de una praxis simbólica, como el de un herrero, un talabartero o un sastre. El arte era o bien decorativo o bien religioso, y nadie se hubiese ofendido al reconocerlo.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #222222; font-family: 'Times New Roman', arial, verdana;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 14px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: #666666; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 13px; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #222222; font-family: 'Times New Roman', arial, verdana; font-size: 14px;"&gt;Sostener esto hoy, en una época en apariencia tan laica como la nuestra —en el fondo más indiferente que escéptica—, resulta casi blasfemo: sólo un artista menor o descarriado, o un provocador, se atreverían a sugerir que su trabajo sirve efectivamente para algo, o para mucho. Todavía hoy son mayoría quienes piensan que&lt;span class="" style="color: #222222; font-family: 'Times New Roman', arial, verdana; font-size: 14px; font-style: italic; text-align: left;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;sus obras&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #222222; font-family: 'Times New Roman', arial, verdana; font-size: 14px;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;—otro concepto rimbombante— son productos absolutamente individuales, resultado de su originalidad y de su genio (es decir, de su arrogancia), sin otro fin práctico que permitirles ganarse la vida con ello.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: #666666; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 13px; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #222222; font-family: 'Times New Roman', arial, verdana; font-size: 14px;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Se equivocan: en su calidad de herramienta evolutiva, el arte no puede sino perseguir una meta más ambiciosa. ¿Cuál? La obvia: ayudarnos a sobrevivir y, más aún, hacernos auténticamente humanos.&lt;/b&gt;(Adviertes en mis palabras cierto menosprecio hacia el arte. No es tal. Creo, más bien, que quienes sacralizan el arte y lo colocan en un pedestal inalcanzable, producto de la inspiración divina o, en nuestra época, del talento o el trabajo, se pierden el bosque por contemplar un solo árbol, por magnífico que sea.)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: #666666; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 13px; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #222222; font-family: 'Times New Roman', arial, verdana; font-size: 14px;"&gt;Que el arte exista en todas partes —las distintas sociedades humanas han conocido y desarrollado sus distintos géneros de maneras básicamente similares— debería prevenirnos sobre su carácter de adaptación por selección natural. Una adaptación sorprendente, qué duda cabe, pero a fin de cuentas&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span class="" style="color: #222222; font-family: 'Times New Roman', arial, verdana; font-size: 14px; font-style: italic; text-align: left;"&gt;tan útil&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #222222; font-family: 'Times New Roman', arial, verdana; font-size: 14px;"&gt;como el tallado de hachas de sílice, la organización en clanes o la invención de la escritura. Porque, como habremos de ver más adelante, el arte, y en especial el arte de la ficción, nos ayuda a adivinar los comportamientos de los otros, y a conocernos a nosotros mismos, lo cual supone una gran ventaja frente a especies menos autoconscientes.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: #666666; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 13px; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #222222; font-family: 'Times New Roman', arial, verdana; font-size: 14px;"&gt;En contra de la opinión del novelista neoyorquino, resulta difícil pensar que el arte haya surgido de manera casual, como un inesperado subproducto del neocórtex, una errata benéfica o un premio inesperado. Su origen hemos de perseguirlo, más bien, en el pausado y deslumbrante camino que nos transformó en materia capaz de pensar en la materia, en animales capaces de cuestionarse a sí mismos.&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;El arte no sólo es una prueba de nuestra humanidad: somos humanos gracias al arte.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: #666666; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 13px; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #222222; font-family: 'Times New Roman', arial, verdana; font-size: 14px;"&gt;Otro tanto ocurre con la ficción. Al considerarla una especie de don inapreciable, de toque de genio, los románticos asumían que debió aparecer de forma tardía en nuestra especie. Si ello fuera cierto, deberíamos aceptar que durante miles de años la ficción no fue parte de nuestras vidas hasta que, un buen día, nuestros ancestros la descubrieron por casualidad, sumergida bajo el limo de un pantano primordial o en el amenazante fondo de una cueva, como si se tratase de un hallazgo semejante a la regularidad de las estaciones o a la domesticación del fuego. Me niego a creerlo. Prefiero pensar que la ficción ha existido desde el mismo instante en que pisó la Tierra el&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class="" style="color: #222222; font-family: 'Times New Roman', arial, verdana; font-size: 14px; font-style: italic; text-align: left;"&gt;Homo sapiens&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #222222; font-family: 'Times New Roman', arial, verdana; font-size: 14px;"&gt;. Porque l&lt;b&gt;os mecanismos cerebrales por medio de los cuales nos acercamos a la realidad son básicamente idénticos a los que empleamos a la hora de crear o apreciar una ficción. Su suma nos han convertido en lo que somos: organismos autoconscientes, bucles animados.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: #666666; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 13px; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #222222; font-family: 'Times New Roman', arial, verdana; font-size: 14px;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Verdad de Perogrullo confirmada por las ciencias cognitivas: todo el tiempo, a todas horas, no sólo percibimos nuestro entorno, sino que lo recreamos, lo manipulamos y lo reordenamos en el oscuro interior de nuestros cerebros —no sólo somos testigos, sino artífices de la realidad. Como espero detallar más adelante, reconocer el mundo e inventarlo son mecanismos paralelos que apenas se distinguen entre sí.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: #666666; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 13px; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #222222; font-family: 'Times New Roman', arial, verdana; font-size: 14px;"&gt;No podría ser de otra manera: si nuestro cerebro evolucionó y se ensanchó a grados monstruosos —al amparo de deformes cabezotas, nacimientos prematuros y atroces dolores de parto—, fue para hacernos capaces de reaccionar mejor y más rápido frente a las amenazas externas. De otro modo: nos hizo expertos en generar futuros más o menos confiables. (Dices no estar de acuerdo; en tu opinión, casi siempre erramos al predecir el futuro. Tal vez tengas razón cuando te refieres a las sutilezas de lo humano —nuestra civilización es demasiado reciente—, pero en cambio fíjate cómo atrapas esta pelota, cómo huyes de este tigre o cómo esquivas esta bofetada sin necesidad apenas de pensarlo.)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: #666666; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 13px; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #222222; font-family: 'Times New Roman', arial, verdana; font-size: 14px;"&gt;Más tarde, este mecanismo dio un insólito salto hacia adelante y, de una manera que ninguna otra especie ha alcanzado con la misma intensidad, de pronto nos permitió mirarnos a nosotros mismos y convencernos de que, en alguna parte de nuestro interior, existe un centro, un yo que nos estructura, nos controla, nos vuelve quienes somos. El yo habría surgido, en tal caso, como una especie de controlador de vuelo, de capitán de barco.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: #666666; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 13px; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #222222; font-family: 'Times New Roman', arial, verdana; font-size: 14px;"&gt;Si, como afirma Francis Crick, en el fondo no somos otra cosa que nuestro cerebro —“sorprendente hipótesis”, tan previsible como escalofriante—, deberíamos concluir que eso que llamamos la Realidad, con todo cuanto contiene, se halla inscrita en los millones de neuronas de nuestra corteza cerebral. El universo entero, con sus serpenteantes galaxias y sus constelaciones fugitivas, con sus humeantes planetas y sus esquivos satélites, con su sobrecogedora profusión de plantas y animales, cabe todo allí adentro —aquí adentro. Todo, repito, y eso incluye, irremediablemente, a los demás. A mis semejantes —a mi familia, mis amigos, incluso a mis enemigos— y, sí, también a ustedes, queridos lectores. (Espero que, no por ello, abandonen estas páginas.)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: #666666; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 13px; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #222222; font-family: 'Times New Roman', arial, verdana; font-size: 14px;"&gt;¡Menuda invención evolutiva!&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;Yo no soy sino una ficción de mi cerebro. O, expresado de manera más precisa, mi yo es una fantasía de mi cerebro. Eso sí, la mayor y más poderosa de las fantasías, pues se concibe capaz de generar y controlar a todas las demás. El yo me da orden y coherencia, estructura mi vida, me confiere una identidad más o menos clara —pero no existe ningún lugar preciso en el cerebro donde sea posible localizar a ese esquivo fantasma, a ese omnipresente y omnipotente animalillo que es el yo.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: #666666; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 13px; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #222222; font-family: 'Times New Roman', arial, verdana; font-size: 14px;"&gt;El escenario resulta inquietante y sin embargo, conforme uno medita sobre sus consecuencias, el horror se desvanece.&lt;b&gt;Frente a esta hipótesis, primero comparece el vértigo: ¿ello significa que la Realidad no existe? ¿Que Yo no existo? No exactamente: la única realidad que conoceremos —y que, en el mejor de los casos, está levemente emparentada con la Realidad— es la realidad de nuestra mente, la realidad que percibimos y luego recreamos sin medida. No es este el lugar para empantanarnos en discusiones filosóficas de mayor calado: nuestro sentido práctico, esa facultad que nos ha permitido sobrevivir y dominar el planeta, nos indica de modo natural que debemos hacer&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class="" style="color: #222222; font-family: 'Times New Roman', arial, verdana; font-size: 14px; font-style: italic; text-align: left;"&gt;como si&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #222222; font-family: 'Times New Roman', arial, verdana; font-size: 14px;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;la realidad de nuestra mente en efecto se correspondiera con esa Realidad inaprensible que nos es sustraída a cada instante.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: #666666; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 13px; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #222222; font-family: 'Times New Roman', arial, verdana; font-size: 14px;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;La idea de la ficción, como puede verse, yace completa en ese pedestre y desconcertante como si. El&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class="" style="color: #222222; font-family: 'Times New Roman', arial, verdana; font-size: 14px; font-style: italic; text-align: left;"&gt;como si&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #222222; font-family: 'Times New Roman', arial, verdana; font-size: 14px;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;que nuestro cerebro aplica a diario para que nuestro cuerpo se mueva razonablemente por el mundo, para que descubra nuevas fuentes de energía y consiga salvaguardarse de depredadores y enemigos. E&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="" style="color: #222222; font-family: 'Times New Roman', arial, verdana; font-size: 14px; font-style: italic; text-align: left;"&gt;l como si&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #222222; font-family: 'Times New Roman', arial, verdana; font-size: 14px;"&gt;que nos impide tropezar a cada instante, que nos mantiene en equilibrio y que nos impide estrellarnos contra una ventana o caer de una escalera.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: #666666; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 13px; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #222222; font-family: 'Times New Roman', arial, verdana; font-size: 14px;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;El&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class="" style="color: #222222; font-family: 'Times New Roman', arial, verdana; font-size: 14px; font-style: italic; text-align: left;"&gt;como si&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #222222; font-family: 'Times New Roman', arial, verdana; font-size: 14px;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;que nos permite tolerar el universo imaginario de una novela es idéntico, pues, al&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="" style="color: #222222; font-family: 'Times New Roman', arial, verdana; font-size: 14px; font-style: italic; text-align: left;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;como si&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #222222; font-family: 'Times New Roman', arial, verdana; font-size: 14px;"&gt;que nos lleva a asumir que la realidad es tan sólida y vigorosa como la presenciamos. Si la ficción se parece a la vida cotidiana es porque la vida cotidiana también es —ya lo suponíamos— una ficción. Una ficción&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="" style="color: #222222; font-family: 'Times New Roman', arial, verdana; font-size: 14px; font-style: italic; text-align: left;"&gt;sui géneris&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #222222; font-family: 'Times New Roman', arial, verdana; font-size: 14px;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;, matizada por una ficción secundaria —la idea de que la Realidad es real—, pero una ficción al fin y al cabo&lt;/b&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: #666666; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 13px; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #222222; font-family: 'Times New Roman', arial, verdana; font-size: 14px;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;No llegaré al extremo de insinuar que todo lo demás, incluidos ustedes, mis lectores, mis hermanos, sólo son invenciones mías, tan predecibles o caprichosas como los personajes de mis libros —un tema recurrente en tantas novelas y películas—, y que acaso yo estoy loco o que sólo yo existo, como en&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class="" style="color: #222222; font-family: 'Times New Roman', arial, verdana; font-size: 14px; font-style: italic; text-align: left;"&gt;La amante de Wittgenstein&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #222222; font-family: 'Times New Roman', arial, verdana; font-size: 14px;"&gt;, de David Markson. El solipsismo extremo es, también, una invención literaria.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="" style="color: #222222; font-family: 'Times New Roman', arial, verdana; font-size: 14px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;img alt="novela2" id="id8000597967766225" src="http://www.nexos.com.mx/?P=editomultimediafile&amp;amp;Multimedia=2010&amp;amp;Type=1" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; float: right; font-size: 14px; margin-left: 10px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 10px; text-align: right;" /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="" style="color: #666666; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: #222222; font-family: 'Times New Roman', arial, verdana; font-size: 14px; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: #222222; font-family: 'Times New Roman', arial, verdana; font-size: 14px; text-align: justify;"&gt;Sí me gustaría subrayar, por ahora, que el proceso mental que me anima a poseer una idea de ustedes, lectores míos, mis semejantes, es paralelo al mecanismo por medio del cual soy capaz de concebir a alguien inexistente y de darle vida por medio de palabras —de ideas, con las que a fin de cuentas todos hemos sido modelados.&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;Podemos afirmar, con el bardo, que estamos hechos de la misma materia de los sueños, siempre y cuando no olvidemos que los sueños también están hechos de retazos —a veces significativos, a veces inconexos— de ideas.&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #222222; font-family: 'Times New Roman', arial, verdana;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 14px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: #666666; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 13px; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #222222; font-family: 'Times New Roman', arial, verdana; font-size: 14px;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;El teatro, la ópera, el cine, la televisión, los videojuegos y, por supuesto, la literatura —los diversos soportes de la ficción—, son todos simulacros verosímiles de la realidad: los críticos más sagaces no se han cansado de proclamarlo. Pero la acuciante necesidad que tenemos de sumergirnos en ellos, desde sus ejemplos más elevados hasta los más vulgares, no se origina en un capricho infantil y pasajero, en el ansia de evasión o en el puro y calamitoso tedio, como sugiere el novelista neoyorquino.&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;En cada una de estas manifestaciones, el creador y el espectador no sólo invierten largas horas de esfuerzo —aun la peor ficción, como veremos, resulta siempre demandante—, sino que parecen no cansarse nunca de sus trampas y sus engaños, aun a sabiendas de que lo son.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: #666666; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 13px; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #222222; font-family: 'Times New Roman', arial, verdana; font-size: 14px;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;¿Don Quijote y Pedro Páramo, Ham-let y Lulú, Darth Vader y Dumbo, Mario y Luigi existen sólo para transcurrir horas aciagas, para apresurar la noche y el sueño, para impedir que —pobres de nosotros— nos vayamos a aburrir? Sonaría inverosímil: una especie no gasta tanta energía, tanto dinero y tantos anhelos en una actividad que sirve nada más que para colmar las horas muertas.&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: #666666; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 13px; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #222222; font-family: 'Times New Roman', arial, verdana; font-size: 14px;"&gt;Los humanos somos rehenes de la ficción. Ni los más severos iconoclastas han logrado combatir nuestra debilidad y nuestra dependencia por las mentiras literarias, teatrales, audiovisuales, cibernéticas.&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;Pero ellas no nos deleitan, no abducen, no nos atormentan de forma adictiva por el hecho de ser mentiras, sino porque, pese a que reconozcamos su condición hechiza y chapucera, las vivimos con la misma pasión con la cual nos enfrentamos a lo real. Porque esas mentiras&lt;span class="" style="color: #222222; font-family: 'Times New Roman', arial, verdana; font-size: 14px; font-style: italic; text-align: left;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;también&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #222222; font-family: 'Times New Roman', arial, verdana; font-size: 14px;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;pertenecen al dominio de lo real.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: #666666; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 13px; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #222222; font-family: 'Times New Roman', arial, verdana; font-size: 14px;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Cuando leo las aventuras de un caballero andante o la desgracia de una mujer adúltera, cuando presencio la indecisión de un príncipe o la agonía de un rey anciano, cuando contemplo la avaricia de un magnate de la prensa o la caída de un imperio galáctico o cuando lucho por sobrevivir a un ataque de invasores alienígenas, mi mente sabe que me encuentro frente a un escenario irreal y al mismo tiempo se esfuerza por olvidar o sepultar esta certeza mientras dura la novela, la pieza teatral, la película o el juego de video. En resumen: la conciencia humana aborrece la falsedad y, al menos durante el tiempo precioso que dura la ficción, prefiere considerarla una suma de verdades parciales, de escenarios alternativos, de existencias paralelas, de aventuras potenciales.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: #666666; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 13px; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #222222; font-family: 'Times New Roman', arial, verdana; font-size: 14px;"&gt;La evolución convirtió a nuestro cerebro en una máquina de futuro y éste reacciona con el mismo ahínco frente a la realidad y frente a la ficción. Las cuitas y fracasos de un personaje de novela no pueden dejar de conmovernos, igual que no resistimos simpatizar con ciertos héroes o despreciar a ciertos villanos: nos enfadamos, nos sorprendemos, sufrimos y tememos con la misma intensidad que en la vida diaria —y a veces más.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: #666666; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 13px; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #222222; font-family: 'Times New Roman', arial, verdana; font-size: 14px;"&gt;Hasta hace poco, la empatía era vista con cierto recelo, una especie de campo magnético involuntario, una emoción deslavada y algo cursi. Hoy sabemos, gracias a los estudios de Giacomo Rizzolatti y sus colegas, que la empatía es un fenómeno omnipresente en los humanos —al igual que en ciertos simios, elefantes y delfines—, originada en un tipo especial de neuronas, las ya célebres “neuronas espejo”, localizadas, para sorpresa de propios y extraños, en las áreas motoras del cerebro.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: #666666; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 13px; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #222222; font-family: 'Times New Roman', arial, verdana; font-size: 14px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #222222; font-family: 'Times New Roman', arial, verdana; font-size: 14px;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Desde allí estas sorprendentes células nos hacen imitar los movimientos animales que se atraviesan en nuestro camino como si fuéramos nosotros quienes los llevamos a cabo. Al hacerlo no sólo reconocemos a los agentes que nos rodean, sino que tratamos de predecir su comportamiento, en primera instancia para protegernos de ellos y, a la larga, para comprenderlos a partir de sus actos. (En efecto: si miras por televisión a un contorsionista o a un lanzador de bala olímpico, en tu interior tú también te descoyuntas y también lanzas la maldita bola de metal lo más lejos posible.)&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: #666666; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 13px; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #222222; font-family: 'Times New Roman', arial, verdana; font-size: 14px;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Desde esta perspectiva, la ficción cumple una tarea indispensable para nuestra supervivencia: no sólo nos ayuda a predecir nuestras reacciones en situaciones hipotéticas, sino que nos obliga a representarlas en nuestra mente —a repetirlas y reconstruirlas— y, a partir de allí, a entrever qué sentiríamos si las experimentáramos de verdad. Una vez hecho esto, no tardamos en reconocernos en los demás, porque en alguna medida en ese momento&lt;span class="" style="color: #222222; font-family: 'Times New Roman', arial, verdana; font-size: 14px; font-style: italic; text-align: left;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;ya somos&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #222222; font-family: 'Times New Roman', arial, verdana; font-size: 14px;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;los demás.&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: #666666; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 13px; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #222222; font-family: 'Times New Roman', arial, verdana; font-size: 14px;"&gt;Repito: no leemos una novela o asistimos a una sala de cine o una función de teatro o nos abismamos en un video-juego sólo para entretenernos, aunque nos entretenga, ni sólo para divertirnos, aunque nos divierta, sino para probarnos en otros ambientes y en especial para ser, vicaria pero efectivamente, al menos durante algunas horas o algunos minutos, otros. “&lt;span class="" style="color: #222222; font-family: 'Times New Roman', arial, verdana; font-size: 14px; font-style: italic; text-align: left;"&gt;Madame Bovary, c’est moi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #222222; font-family: 'Times New Roman', arial, verdana; font-size: 14px;"&gt;”, afirmó Flaubert, pero lo mismo podría ser expresado por cualquiera de sus lectores.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: #666666; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 13px; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #222222; font-family: 'Times New Roman', arial, verdana; font-size: 14px;"&gt;Vivir otras vidas no es sólo un juego —aunque sea primordialmente un juego—, sino una conducta provista con sólidas ganancias evolutivas, capaz de transportar, de una mente a otra, ideas que acentúan la interacción social. La empatía. La solidaridad. Qué lejos queda la idea de la ficción como un pasatiempo inútil, destinado a la admiración embelesada, al onanista placer estético. Sin duda la naturaleza del arte contempla también la idea de lo bello —un conjunto de patrones fijados en cada sociedad y en cada época, y reforzados obsesivamente hasta su desgaste—, pero la belleza no sería entonces sino una suerte de anzuelo evolutivo, un cebo para atraernos hacia la información que se esconde detrás de su fachada. Así como el gozo sexual es una adaptación que refuerza la necesidad de los genes de perdurar y reproducirse —y nos condena a la desasosegante persecución de otros cuerpos—, la belleza es el tirabuzón que nos encamina hacia conjuntos de ideas que nos alientan a comprender mejor el mundo, a nuestros&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class="" style="color: #222222; font-family: 'Times New Roman', arial, verdana; font-size: 14px; font-style: italic; text-align: left;"&gt;semejantes&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #222222; font-family: 'Times New Roman', arial, verdana; font-size: 14px;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;y, por supuesto, a nosotros mismos.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: #666666; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 13px; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #222222; font-family: 'Times New Roman', arial, verdana; font-size: 14px;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Si en verdad sólo somos nuestro cerebro, como sugería Crick, en otro nivel es válido decir que sólo somos un gigantesco conjunto de ideas producidas y ancladas en ese cerebro: la idea del yo, ese incómodo testigo que al presenciar los hechos nos separa de ellos, es, ya lo apunté, la más compleja y la más frágil. Porque el yo siempre se halla solo. Irremediablemente solo. Su única escapatoria consiste en identificarse con ese otro conjunto de ideas complejas que son los demás, sean éstos reales o imaginarios.&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;Y, paradójicamente, ese contacto virtual es nuestro único escape del autismo o la demencia.&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;Los humanos somos “símbolos mentales” obsesionados con relacionarnos con otros “símbolos mentales”. (Sé, amada mía, que no te toleras que te llame “símbolo mental”, pero, desde esta perspectiva, decirte por tu nombre sería un encubrimiento.)&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: #666666; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 13px; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #222222; font-family: 'Times New Roman', arial, verdana; font-size: 14px;"&gt;Leer una novela o un cuento no es una actividad inocua: desde el momento en que nuestras neuronas nos hacen reconocernos en los personajes de ficción —y apoderarnos así de sus conflictos, sus problemas, sus decisiones, su felicidad o su desgracia—, comenzamos a ser otros. Conforme más contagiosas —más aptas— sean las ideas que contiene una narración, sus secuelas quedarán más tiempo incrustadas en nuestra mente, como si fuesen las secuelas de una enfermedad viral o de una fiebre terciaria. La única cura es, por supuesto, el olvido. Y la lectura de otras novelas.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: #666666; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 13px; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #222222; font-family: 'Times New Roman', arial, verdana; font-size: 14px;"&gt;Si Alonso Quijano nos fascina es porque se trata de la proyección extrema de lo que suele ocurrirle a cualquier lector empedernido: a fuerza de representarse una y otra vez ciertas escenas de la ficción, termina por considerarlas reales. (Piénsalo: ¿acaso no es tan real Natasha Rostova, en quien has pensado en cientos o miles de ocasiones, como aquel amor de juventud que no has vuelto a ver y sin embargo cambió tu vida para siempre?)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: #666666; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 13px; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #222222; font-family: 'Times New Roman', arial, verdana; font-size: 14px;"&gt;Dada nuestra naturaleza de animales sociales, la ficción literaria tampoco podría ser entendida, sin embargo, como un mero instrumento para la supervivencia individual. Una novela me permite experimentar vidas y situaciones ajenas pero, como decía antes, también me transmite información social relevante —la literatura es una porción esencial de nuestra memoria compartida. Y se convierte, por tanto, en uno de los medios más contundentes para asentar nuestra idea de humanidad.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: #666666; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 13px; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #222222; font-family: 'Times New Roman', arial, verdana; font-size: 14px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #222222; font-family: 'Times New Roman', arial, verdana; font-size: 14px;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Frente a las diferencias que nos separan —del color de la piel al lugar de nacimiento, obsesiones equivalentemente perniciosas—, la literatura siempre anunció una verdad que hace apenas unos años corroboró la secuenciación del genoma humano: todos somos básicamente idénticos. Al menos en teoría, cualquiera podría ponerse en el sitio de cualquiera.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: #666666; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 13px; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #222222; font-family: 'Times New Roman', arial, verdana; font-size: 14px;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Nuestro tiempo desconfía, creo que con razón, del papel social de la literatura: baste recordar los estragos provocados por el compromiso político, el realismo socialista o el frenesí revolucionario. La literatura, es cierto, parece degradarse cuando persigue un fin concreto, cuando soporta una ideología explícita. Porque cualquier ideología es, de entrada, una forma excluyente de otras variedades de pensamiento. En cambio, en su expresión más amplia, más libre, la ficción nos permite ensanchar nuestra idea de lo humano. Con ella no sólo conocemos otras voces y otras experiencias, sino que las sentimos tan vivas como si nos pertenecieran.&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: #666666; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 13px; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #222222; font-family: 'Times New Roman', arial, verdana; font-size: 14px;"&gt;No importa el lugar o la época, las diferencias sociales o las costumbres: nuestro cerebro siempre nos impulsa a colocarnos en el lugar de los personajes de un cuento o una novela. Todos somos capaces de ser Aquiles o Hanuman, Emma Bovary o Aureliano Buendía, Hitler o Adriano, o un incluso un perro o un alienígena, siempre y cuando sus actos nos permitan deducir en su interior algo similar a una conciencia.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: #666666; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 13px; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #222222; font-family: 'Times New Roman', arial, verdana; font-size: 14px;"&gt;No quiero exagerar: leer cuentos y novelas no nos hace por fuerza mejores personas, pero estoy convencido de que quien no lee cuentos y novelas —y quien no persigue las distintas variedades de la ficción— tiene menos posibilidades de comprender el mundo, de comprender a los demás y de comprenderse a sí mismo. Leer ficciones complejas, habitadas por personajes profundos y contradictorios, como tú y como yo, como cada uno de nosotros, impregnadas de emoción y desconcierto, imprevisibles y desafiantes, se convierte en una de las mejores formas de aprender a ser humano.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: #666666; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 13px; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #222222; font-family: 'Times New Roman', arial, verdana; font-size: 14px;"&gt;Desconfío, pues, de quienes se solazan al despojar a la ficción literaria de su carácter de adaptación evolutiva. De su esencia práctica.&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;Escribimos cuentos y novelas no sólo porque no podemos dejar de hacerlo, no sólo porque nos hagan disfrutar con la perfección de sus frases o la fuerza de sus historias, sino porque los cuentos y las novelas nos han hecho quienes somos. En los relatos del mundo se encuentra lo mejor de nuestra especie: nuestra conciencia, nuestras emociones y sentimientos, nuestra memoria, nuestra inteligencia, nuestras dudas y prejuicios, acaso también la medida de nuestro albedrío. (Ello no excluye que también puedan almacenar lo peor: la maldad gratuita, el odio, la intolerancia, la sevicia.)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: #666666; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 13px; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #222222; font-family: 'Times New Roman', arial, verdana; font-size: 14px;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Si la ficción es una herramienta tan poderosa para explorar la naturaleza —y en especial la naturaleza humana—, es porque la ficción también es la realidad. Una vez que las percepciones arriban al cerebro, este órgano húmedo y tenebroso codifica, procesa y a la postre reinventa el mundo tal como un escritor concibe una novela o un lector la descifra. Aun si en la mayor parte de los casos somos capaces de diferenciar lo cierto de lo inventado, su sustancia se mantiene idéntica. A causa de ello, la ficción resulta capital para nuestra especie. La literatura no sirve para entretenernos ni para embelesarnos —la literatura nos hace humanos.&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;strong style="color: #666666; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 13px;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #222222; font-family: 'Times New Roman', arial, verdana; font-size: 14px;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #222222; font-family: 'Times New Roman', arial, verdana; font-size: 14px;"&gt;Jorge Volpi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #222222; font-family: 'Times New Roman', arial, verdana; font-size: 14px;"&gt;. Escritor y ensayista. Es autor de:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;"&gt;&lt;em class="" style="color: #222222; font-family: 'Times New Roman', arial, verdana; font-size: 14px;"&gt;El insomnio de Bolívar&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #222222; font-family: 'Times New Roman', arial, verdana; font-size: 14px;"&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;"&gt;&lt;em class="" style="color: #222222; font-family: 'Times New Roman', arial, verdana; font-size: 14px;"&gt;Oscuro bosque oscuro&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #222222; font-family: 'Times New Roman', arial, verdana; font-size: 14px;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;y&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;"&gt;&lt;em class="" style="color: #222222; font-family: 'Times New Roman', arial, verdana; font-size: 14px;"&gt;No será la Tierra&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #222222; font-family: 'Times New Roman', arial, verdana; font-size: 14px;"&gt;, entre otros.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #222222; font-family: 'Times New Roman', arial, verdana; font-size: 14px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #222222; font-family: 'Times New Roman', arial, verdana; font-size: 14px;"&gt;Fuente:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nexos.com.mx/?P=leerarticulo&amp;amp;Article=2099175" style="color: #ff1800; text-decoration: none;"&gt;http://www.nexos.com.mx/?P=leerarticulo&amp;amp;Article=2099175&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/7562027159907211241-9198326460836477814?l=mapasyapuntes.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://mapasyapuntes.blogspot.com/feeds/9198326460836477814/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://mapasyapuntes.blogspot.com/2011/03/yo-soy-una-novela-jorge-volpi.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7562027159907211241/posts/default/9198326460836477814'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7562027159907211241/posts/default/9198326460836477814'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://mapasyapuntes.blogspot.com/2011/03/yo-soy-una-novela-jorge-volpi.html' title='Yo soy una novela. Jorge Volpi'/><author><name>Damnatio Memoriae</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/12504964180026976320</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='31' height='32' src='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_8LONHn-XDWQ/TJVlUXxsjUI/AAAAAAAAA0s/6vYpQ1qHz6k/S220/img012+-+copia+-+copia+-+copia+(2).jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7562027159907211241.post-2690852041780745321</id><published>2011-02-21T21:05:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2011-02-21T21:14:11.951-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Anne Waldman'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Poesía'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Chögyam Trungpa'/><title type='text'>Radical Presence An interview with poet and activist Anne Waldman.  By Sonya Lee Ralph</title><content type='html'>&lt;div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: georgia, times, serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;The New York Times&lt;em style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;has called Anne Waldman that “combination of oracle, siren and den mother . . . at once deadpan and ferocious.” An explorer of poetry, she has written forty books and pamphlets in almost as many years. Her recently released&amp;nbsp;&lt;/em&gt;Vow to Poetry&lt;em style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;(Coffee House Press) is a mix of autobiography, manifesto, poetry, and essays on poetics, Buddhism, politics, and more. Cofounder, with Allen Ginsberg, of Naropa University’s Jack Kerouac School of Disembodied Poetics, Waldman divides her time between teaching, writing, performing and traveling. Writer Sonya Lea Ralph had a chance to speak with her last summer in Seattle.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: georgia, times, serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;strong style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;You suggest your writing students take on the mantra “I exist to write,” to become attuned to the “delicate and fierce nuances of language.” How has this “writer’s mind” influenced your life?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: georgia, times, serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;I take the writing of poetry and the written articulation of a personal poetics—including its attendant vocalization or performance—to be a way of refining mind. As such it helps with “right view” in the dharmic sense. If one can be cognizant and sensitive to the “delicate and fierce nuances of language,” one may take on just about anything. Look at the trouble language gets us into! Observe its debasement, its doublespeak, its cruelty. Remember how the U.S. government didn’t understand or intuit how to apologize properly to the Chinese people when their pilot was downed? It’s about one’s attitude, perspective, one’s need for “negative capability,” balance, humor. The mind that concentrates on how language works, and how increments of sound and meaning and intellect may be made into something exciting and revelatory, may stay focused in other ways. It is a trained mind. Also, you might copyright a poem, but you don’t own it, you can’t monopolize language. You are just the vehicle. The practice of poetry is a form of “skillful means” or&amp;nbsp;&lt;em style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;upaya&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;in the Buddhist sense. But depending on one’s bent one might substitute a lot of things in the mantra: “I exist to make music,” “I exist to find a cure for AIDS,” and so on.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: georgia, times, serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;strong style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;img alt="© Ann Waldman" height="274" src="http://www.tricycle.com/files/images/issues/v11n3/radical-presence2.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; float: left; margin-bottom: 8px; margin-left: 4px; margin-right: 4px; margin-top: 8px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;" width="224" /&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;strong style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"&gt;&lt;strong style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;So what’s your sense of your role in a culture in which language is used as tactic, as in portraying oneself as a compassionate conservative without ever having to demonstrate one’s compassion?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: georgia, times, serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;My role is to be a language guardian. I uphold and query the use and abuse of the gorgeous, subtle, mellifluous, energetic and imaginative Mother Tongue! I think one of the downsides of the “New Age” has been its horrific debasement of language—and adjacently, its dangerous lack of intellectual discourse. The buzzwords around spirituality sound vapid and empty at this point. The Buddha would be horrified, I’m sure. It’s as if we all “know” what we’re saying so why bother to really be creative and articulate and express originality of mind? Gertrude Stein seems more Buddhist in her understanding of the “continuous present” and her use of participial phrasings to demonstrate the actual thinking, which in fact is veritable meditation in action. Wallace Stevens grasps Buddha-mind in his poem “The Snow Man”: “For the listener, who listens in the snow, / And, nothing himself, beholds/ Nothing that is not there and the nothing that is.” Buddhism is not just a clichéd haiku with a flower and a quaint frog in it. Of course it’s another thing to really give the sense of the life of a real flower—what kind, specifically? Or what manner of amphibian? Minute particulars. “Look to the little ones,” Blake says.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: georgia, times, serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;I get nervous around self-enclosed solipsistic realms, where everyone is supposed to “get” it and is really brainwashed and not thinking on his or her own two feet. Or is not demonstrating originality of thought or language. There have been grand Buddhist teachers or thinkers who were also poets: Dogen, Milarepa, Basho. The way they’ve worked with the heaven, earth, and man principle through the haiku, and the dharmic discourse of a Tibetan&amp;nbsp;&lt;em style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;doha&lt;/em&gt;, which is a celebratory songlike piece, for example. I certainly appreciate the need to examine the cultural patriarchal hegemonies of the power constructs of language and experience. The reexamination of the “canon” and the “nuclear family” and the food we eat and of course the “whole-earth” approach is refreshing and sound and necessary and overlaps with environmental awareness, but the emphasis on how everybody is&amp;nbsp;&lt;em style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;feeling&amp;nbsp;&lt;/em&gt;goes too far into the realm of spiritual materialism for my taste. It’s dilatory and self-deceptive.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: georgia, times, serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;If you don’t valorize reading and study and thinking and imagination, you are in trouble as a culture. You remain cut off from other cultures, other realities. It’s like the U.S. ambassadors who garner appointments because they made big campaign donations or because they like to trek in Nepal, but they don’t know a thing about the country they are working in, let alone the language. It’s really very sad and contributes to the criticism of the USA for its arrogant, isolationist policies.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: georgia, times, serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;So it’s much more than the hypocritical “compassionate conservatism” we need to guard against. It’s also the touchy-feely soft realm of lazy and disempowered speech: stale dead lingo that deadens our sensibilities, shuts down our sense perceptions. Words are powerful. William Burroughs calls the word a “killer virus.” It’s the ignorant folk like us—presumably on the other side—the bleeding heart liberal “enlightened” side—who should demonstrate language’s intelligence, humanity, and compassion by not allowing it to become canned, programmatic, pre-fab, disingenuous, ideological.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: georgia, times, serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;strong style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;img alt="© © Jack Greene" height="206" src="http://www.tricycle.com/files/images/issues/v11n3/radical-presence3.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; float: right; margin-bottom: 7px; margin-left: 7px; margin-right: 7px; margin-top: 7px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;" width="198" /&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;strong style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"&gt;&lt;strong style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;Your recently released&amp;nbsp;&lt;em style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;Vow to Poetry&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;includes essays and manifestos on poetics, Buddhism, and activism. In one of the articles, “Kali Yuga Poetics,” you proclaim: “Now more than ever the poem is a call to responsibility and action. To witness, grieve and alleviate suffering.” How might the experience of poetry lead us to activism?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: georgia, times, serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;Poetry needs the breath. It needs the voice. It needs the body. It needs the mind. It needs to be able to dream. To imagine. Thus poetry depends on and recognizes the preciousness of our existence in the service of this particular art and of course in the service of so much more. It is rooted in the palpability of our existence and the inter-dependence, the&amp;nbsp;&lt;em style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;pratitya-samutpada&lt;/em&gt;, of all of existence. And the poem wants to sing out, to communicate, to wake you up. The maker of the song who has this urge, this gift, sees how others are faring on the planet, including other writers incarcerated for their beliefs, who scratch their poems on prison walls, smuggle them out in samizdat publications and so on. Think of the great Russian poet Anna Akhmatova, whose first husband was executed, whose son was imprisoned under Stalin. She wrote&amp;nbsp;&lt;em style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;Requiem&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;for all women whose sons were in the Gulag. I am not talking about an easy, therapeutic confessional poetry that just talks about how you, the personal “I,” feels. Or suffers. It’s of a higher order and command. So there’s a way—through Shakespeare, Blake, Emily Dickinson, through poetries and cosmologies of cultures all over the world—that great poetry can inspire you to care for the planet, and for all its creatures and greenery.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: georgia, times, serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;Poetry has always been a radical presence in my life. I sometimes think it has saved my life. Its dark beauty. You know Emily Dickinson’s line “My wheel is in the dark”? And it’s not just about content. It rides you in so many other ways. You could say that the poetry of this last century and the current “dark ages,” where we are dominated by the lords and ladies of materialism, is in many ways a poetry of loss, impermanence, grief. “Can we make art after Auschwitz?” is the famous Theodor Adorno question. Yes, we must, I believe. It’s an imperative to articulate our humanity in this way. Poetry is still available to us, even as we move into stranger technologies and stranger modes of living. One needs a mind for it but it doesn’t cost anything, doesn’t require any gadgetry. In that way it’s also like spiritual practice.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: georgia, times, serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: georgia, times, serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;strong style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;What kind of activism has Buddhism led you to?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: georgia, times, serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;Buddhism has helped me appreciate others in a more profound way, in that one sees that everyone is suffering, everyone has a broken heart. Every face, as in Blake’s line, shows “marks of weakness, marks of woe.” Everyone is just a hairy bag of water, a poor&amp;nbsp;&lt;em style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;klesha&lt;/em&gt;-ridden confused being. Even when they are arrogant and completely wrongheaded (in my humble opinion) and evil and barbaric, you can’t give up on them! Everyone wants to be loved, appreciated; everyone craves some kind of personal power. Everyone craves a decent life. But the power has to be debrutalized. Activism is part of Buddhist mind. The Bodhisattva Vow is Activism 101! You work to alleviate the suffering of other human beings, right? Isn’t that the point? Obviously you need to get your own trip together first, and there’s the rub. We have this precious human birth and freedom, and yet with so many of us who are privileged in this way, there seems to be an incapacity to get beyond our minor aches and pains. Gary Snyder has spoken of how our whole continent is haunted by the ghosts of decimated peoples, particularly the indigenous Native Americans and extinct animals.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: georgia, times, serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;img alt="© Kai Sibley" height="144" src="http://www.tricycle.com/files/images/issues/v11n3/radical-presence4.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; float: left; margin-bottom: 7px; margin-left: 7px; margin-right: 7px; margin-top: 7px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;" width="126" /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Building and sustaining community and providing safe zones—primarily artistic and literary—has been the main thrust of the activism in my life. And traveling all over the planet to teach, perform, help poetry communities get started. Activity that often extends to modes of protest and demonstration and letter-writing campaigns and vocalizations of all kinds to protect these zones and by extension the whole metaphorical neighborhood! Last January 20—Inauguration Day—I went to D.C. with a group of poets to protest the “selection” of George W. Bush. We were there in solidarity with many African American citizens who had been disenfranchised in Florida and elsewhere, such as Cook County, Illinois, where 120,000 votes went uncounted.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: georgia, times, serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;I would say it is a spiritual practice to make sure everyone in America is granted the right to vote.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: georgia, times, serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;strong style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;I’m thinking about the brutality that occurred in Genoa at the G8 summit, where many protestors were injured by the police, and which remained largely unreported in the corporate media. What do you think a Buddhist response to these acts of violence might be? How might we alleviate suffering at future protests?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: georgia, times, serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;I think both meditators and mediators should organize to form support teams for these civic demonstrations post haste, protests which will only be continuing more vigorously in the next years, as the struggle for the environment and the dignity of all living beings continues and more and more of our humanity is at stake. There should be a volunteer group of well-trained sane Buddhist practitioners with various social skills, working around the clock at the United Nations and ready to intervene at a moment’s notice anywhere on the troubled planet! Not to sound apocalyptic, but Buddhism predicts the coming Dark Ages, the Kali Yuga, and the ascendancy of the so-called Barbarians. We can parse that in any number of ways: cruel thugs, greedy warmongers, the fossil fuel guzzlers, fanatical nationalists, seemingly harmless yet divisive media pundits and so on. The Barbarians (or a better word might be the environmental jab fun hogs?’) are already here.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: georgia, times, serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;The Buddhist communities I’ve encountered in general—if I may say so—are perplexingly schizophrenic about how and when to act, as if there is some strange anathema attached to the 'political’ realm. Is it too risky? Too messy? Or trippy? Or ego-prone? Wake up, dharma brothers and sisters! You can do both. Practice AND practice. I think if there are any survivors, down the line they will look back on this time as a second holocaust of incredible magnitude. A holocaust that decimated much of the planet and its denizens. Like the people who were in cahoots with the Nazis, who just stood by, the accomplices and collaborators, as we will seem, will be called to account.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: georgia, times, serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;img alt="© Allen Ginsberg Trust" height="230" src="http://www.tricycle.com/files/images/issues/v11n3/radical-presence5.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; float: right; margin-bottom: 7px; margin-left: 7px; margin-right: 7px; margin-top: 7px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;" width="274" /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Many of the teachers I know, including Bernie Glassman, Gelek Rinpoche, and John Daido Loori, are some of the most politically socially informed and astute people I know. Maybe there is momentum building within various Buddhist communities that I am not yet aware of. It seems to me that they need to unite to really be effective. There continues to be a strong activist strain at Naropa, engendered perhaps by the “outrider” strain of the poetics school and the example of Allen Ginsberg, in particular, and the urgent call for more diversity around issues of race, gender, sexual difference.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: georgia, times, serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;strong style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;Author and healer Deena Metzger talks a great deal about our culture trivializing beauty. Metzger says, “I see the artist—the real artist—as carrying the sacred vocation for the sake of the community. You do the best that you can so that it is beautiful enough for spirit. So that it is beautiful enough to reveal what the community needs.” What’s your idea of the artist as carrying the sacred vocation on behalf of community?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: georgia, times, serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;It is very much your own individual responsibility to create and nurture beauty, and to carry along the community in all your acts of generosity in the creative work you do. It is an obligation to care for environment in that endeavor. You want a place where the deer and the antelope still roam. You want your poetry to contain only dead postmodernist references to television? You want a place that is hospitable to everything that lives. Clean air, clean water, decent affordable housing, and so on. How can one really in all conscience condone willful tolerance of arsenic in water? I mean, you have to be cruel and insane. Or talk about taking out pristine wilderness areas for the sake of a few buckets of oil.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: georgia, times, serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;Or conjure the inhumane conditions in a lot of the prisons in this nation...or the execution of the mentally retarded on death row. The&amp;nbsp;&lt;em style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;Star Wars&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;[defense initiative] presents a very scary scenario, and the weaponization of space is upon us...Breathe out.&amp;nbsp;&lt;em style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;Tonglen&lt;/em&gt;—the sending and receiving practice where you visualize and breathe in negativity and breathe out its efficacy toward some harmony, peace, clarification—is one of the most brilliant of spiritual practices in that it works with our basic makeup: the breath, and the impulse toward being kind to others.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: georgia, times, serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;img alt="© Allen GinsbergTrust" height="204" src="http://www.tricycle.com/files/images/issues/v11n3/radical-presence6.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; float: left; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 7px; margin-right: 7px; margin-top: 6px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;" width="312" /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Which is why you “dedicate the merit” in any act of ordinary physical, mental nourishment. We all do these kinds of things: eating, sleeping, reading a book to a child, rescuing a wounded baby crow, standing at the top of the Continental Divide feeling the enormity of glacial energy, making love, reading Borges, Sappho,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;King Lear&lt;/em&gt;. I dedicate the merit of the revelatory dream I had last night, of the poem I just wrote, of the letter encouraging fair treatment and release for Leonard Peltier. So in dedicating the merit, you already have a community at hand. And it’s an invitation to shift your own thinking away from your own self. Community is always there from this point of view. And without being heavy-handed about it, you can at least try to be a good citizen in your immediate neighborhood and let it ripple out from there.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: georgia, times, serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;strong style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;One of the sweetest stories from&amp;nbsp;&lt;em style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;Vow to Poetry&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;is “Last Days, Hours,” which begins: 'You’d better come over,’ Allen Ginsberg says, voice steady on the other end of the line.” What was your greatest transmission from him in that time together?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: georgia, times, serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;“Generosity is the transcendent friend” is the line from the Zen&amp;nbsp;&lt;em style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;oryoki&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;meal-chants that conjures the energy and purposefulness of the life and times of Allen Ginsberg. I guess the transmission when he was dying was that there’s so much more work to do. He was generously bestowing the ongoing assignments. Shifting the load, perhaps. Take care of this, guard that, make sure so-and-so has a job and a place to sleep. Take care of the family and extended family.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: georgia, times, serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;strong style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;What do you want the rest of your life to be about?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: georgia, times, serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;img height="203" src="http://www.tricycle.com/files/images/issues/v11n3/radial7.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; float: right; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 5px; margin-right: 5px; margin-top: 5px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;" width="332" /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;“Proud, open-eyed and laughing toward the grave.” That’s William Butler Yeats. More of the same, I hope. I love my life. I want to stay healthy, of course . . . but I also foresee a lot of struggle on the horizon. The environmental front is the most crucial, but that includes just about everything. It subsumes everything else you could even remotely fret about. Naropa still seems the best base of operations. Possibly there will be more contemplative-inspired centers, especially in the writing worlds. I’ll have to stay on the case of preserving, guarding the temporary autonomous zones of sanity and creativity, and help build new ones as well. I want to keep performing and collaborating with other artists, musicians. More books to write, several anthologies in the works, a new CD with help from my son Ambrose Bye, who is a young musician. We need to save the twenty-seven years of brilliant poetic oral transmission from the Jack Kerouac School, an effort we are calling the Naropa University Audio Archive Preservation and Access Project. Oh yes, and last but not least—a protracted meditative retreat, if I can keep still for more than a few minutes.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: georgia, times, serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;strong style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;A Book of Events&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: georgia, times, serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;In Milarepa's Cave&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: georgia, times, serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 30px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;em style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;Sit&amp;nbsp;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;em style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;em style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal;"&gt;&lt;em style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;the logs....&amp;nbsp;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;em style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal;"&gt;&lt;em style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;flogging is many lives come together&amp;nbsp;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;em style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal;"&gt;&lt;em style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;you will be good, you think&amp;nbsp;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;em style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal;"&gt;&lt;em style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;hunger is what you'll never show pick this nettle&amp;nbsp;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;em style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal;"&gt;&lt;em style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;light a fire&amp;nbsp;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;em style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal;"&gt;&lt;em style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;your broth is the broth of kings&amp;nbsp;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;em style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal;"&gt;&lt;em style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;green is the mouth of the cloth-clad lord&amp;nbsp;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;em style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal;"&gt;&lt;em style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;sing your sacred songs—again, again&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: georgia, times, serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;In Her Lament&lt;em style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: georgia, times, serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 30px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;em style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;spin&amp;nbsp;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;em style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;em style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal;"&gt;&lt;em style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;spin&amp;nbsp;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;em style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal;"&gt;&lt;em style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;the saint is a woman scorned wash your hair&amp;nbsp;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;em style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal;"&gt;&lt;em style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;your skirts&amp;nbsp;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;em style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal;"&gt;&lt;em style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;scent your hands with myrrh&amp;nbsp;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;em style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal;"&gt;&lt;em style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;say you will never die of love&amp;nbsp;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;em style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal;"&gt;&lt;em style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;spin&amp;nbsp;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;em style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal;"&gt;&lt;em style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;spin&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: georgia, times, serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;Home&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 30px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: georgia, times, serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;em style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;Circumambulate the house&amp;nbsp;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;em style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: georgia, times, serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;em style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: georgia, times, serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal;"&gt;&lt;em style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;Make first imprints on the snow&amp;nbsp;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;em style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: georgia, times, serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal;"&gt;&lt;em style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;Fix what needs your hand&amp;nbsp;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;em style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: georgia, times, serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal;"&gt;&lt;em style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;A wasp won't perish&amp;nbsp;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;em style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: georgia, times, serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal;"&gt;&lt;em style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;Let her live&amp;nbsp;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia, times, serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia, times, serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia, times, serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px;"&gt;—Anne Waldman&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;em style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: georgia, times, serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;em style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: georgia, times, serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: small; font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;em style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: georgia, times, serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;From&amp;nbsp;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: small; font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia, times, serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px;"&gt;Fast Speaking Woman&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: small; font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;em style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: georgia, times, serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;by Anne Waldman, City Lights Books, San Francisco, 1996. New Expanded Edition. Used by permission of the author.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: georgia, times, serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;strong style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;Sonya Lea Ralph&lt;/strong&gt;, a writer living in the Seattle area, is completing a book on integrating business with spiritual values. Her spiritual communities are the women’s circles of Seattle and the Zen collective of Banff, Alberta.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: georgia, times, serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;Images: © Cynthia Macadams; manuscripts by Anne Waldman; Kai Sibley; Anne Waldman and William Burrows, Juanita's Restaurant, Boulder CO, August 1984, Anne Waldman, unknown person, Trungpa Rinpoche, and Robert Duncan © Allen Ginsberg Trust; Anne in Naropa University Shrine Room, Summer 2001 © Jack Greene&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/7562027159907211241-2690852041780745321?l=mapasyapuntes.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://mapasyapuntes.blogspot.com/feeds/2690852041780745321/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://mapasyapuntes.blogspot.com/2011/02/radical-presence-interview-with-poet.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7562027159907211241/posts/default/2690852041780745321'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7562027159907211241/posts/default/2690852041780745321'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://mapasyapuntes.blogspot.com/2011/02/radical-presence-interview-with-poet.html' title='Radical Presence An interview with poet and activist Anne Waldman.  By Sonya Lee Ralph'/><author><name>Damnatio Memoriae</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/12504964180026976320</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='31' height='32' src='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_8LONHn-XDWQ/TJVlUXxsjUI/AAAAAAAAA0s/6vYpQ1qHz6k/S220/img012+-+copia+-+copia+-+copia+(2).jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7562027159907211241.post-163374606397137171</id><published>2011-02-12T11:53:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2011-02-12T16:09:15.275-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Shunryu Suzuki'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='John Cage'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Chögyam Trungpa'/><title type='text'>Shunryu Suzuki Roshi</title><content type='html'>&lt;div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="510" src="http://www.youtube.com/embed/pHNyCAJXUXE" title="YouTube video player" width="640"&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, FreeMono, monospace; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;blockquote style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, FreeMono, monospace; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;El árbol seco&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, FreeMono, monospace; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;y los pájaros en silencio&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, FreeMono, monospace; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;esta ventana &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, FreeMono, monospace; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; que el viento me congele &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, FreeMono, monospace; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;corteza hueca &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, FreeMono, monospace; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;te miro a ti y me miro a mi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, FreeMono, monospace; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;con todas mis ramas temblando.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, FreeMono, monospace; font-size: 13px; line-height: normal; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, FreeMono, monospace; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_8LONHn-XDWQ/TMZ_JQSnicI/AAAAAAAAA44/hHFU6shMUYA/s1600/DSC00279+-+copia+-+copia+-+copia.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="color: black; font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, FreeMono, monospace; font-size: 13px; line-height: normal; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center; text-decoration: none;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="243" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_8LONHn-XDWQ/TMZ_JQSnicI/AAAAAAAAA44/hHFU6shMUYA/s320/DSC00279+-+copia+-+copia+-+copia.JPG" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0976563) 1px 1px 5px; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-style: solid; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-left-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-right-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top-style: solid; border-width: initial; border-width: initial; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 5px; padding-right: 5px; padding-top: 5px; position: relative;" width="320" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, FreeMono, monospace; font-size: 13px; line-height: normal; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, FreeMono, monospace; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;Después del invierno&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;un millón de pájaros hechos callar &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;un bosque de árboles mutilados&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;la soledad&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;el olvido, la nieve se derrite.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, FreeMono, monospace; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_8LONHn-XDWQ/S-Y8-6MrK_I/AAAAAAAAApA/C0s8GGNRJy8/s1600/DSC00279+-+copia+-+copia+(2).JPG" imageanchor="1" style="color: black; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration: none;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_8LONHn-XDWQ/S-Y8-6MrK_I/AAAAAAAAApA/C0s8GGNRJy8/s320/DSC00279+-+copia+-+copia+(2).JPG" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0976563) 1px 1px 5px; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-style: solid; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-left-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-right-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top-style: solid; border-width: initial; border-width: initial; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 5px; padding-right: 5px; padding-top: 5px; position: relative;" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, FreeMono, monospace; font-size: 13px; line-height: normal; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, FreeMono, monospace; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;El cielo&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, FreeMono, monospace; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; sólo el azul&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, FreeMono, monospace; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;con su follaje rehilando&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, FreeMono, monospace; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;de tronco en tronco&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, FreeMono, monospace; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;los pájaros&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;blockquote style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, FreeMono, monospace; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;yo era, yo soy.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: right;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://objetospoetica.blogspot.com/"&gt;http://objetospoetica.blogspot.com/&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="510" src="http://www.youtube.com/embed/XG84aYMQIHw" title="YouTube video player" width="640"&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: right;"&gt;Texto&amp;nbsp;y fotografías: Eduardo Medina.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/7562027159907211241-163374606397137171?l=mapasyapuntes.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://mapasyapuntes.blogspot.com/feeds/163374606397137171/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://mapasyapuntes.blogspot.com/2011/02/shunryu-suzuki-roshi_12.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7562027159907211241/posts/default/163374606397137171'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7562027159907211241/posts/default/163374606397137171'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://mapasyapuntes.blogspot.com/2011/02/shunryu-suzuki-roshi_12.html' title='Shunryu Suzuki Roshi'/><author><name>Damnatio Memoriae</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/12504964180026976320</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='31' height='32' src='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_8LONHn-XDWQ/TJVlUXxsjUI/AAAAAAAAA0s/6vYpQ1qHz6k/S220/img012+-+copia+-+copia+-+copia+(2).jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://img.youtube.com/vi/pHNyCAJXUXE/default.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7562027159907211241.post-4906771749172925496</id><published>2011-02-04T16:46:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2011-02-04T16:46:46.548-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Filosofía'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Eduardo Medina'/><title type='text'>Insignificante: La sonrisa de Bartleby</title><content type='html'>&lt;div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span class="apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;Insignificante&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span class="apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;La sonrisa de Bartleby&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"&gt;&lt;span class="apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: right;"&gt;&lt;span class="apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"&gt;“I have nothing to say and I am saying it and that is poetry as I need it’”&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: right;"&gt;&lt;span class="apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"&gt;John Cage.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: right;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"&gt;Para Hegel, &lt;i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"&gt;Ser&lt;/i&gt;, como afirmación, nos conduce a pensar en &lt;i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"&gt;No-Ser&lt;/i&gt; como negación; esto es, la negación del &lt;i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"&gt;Ser&lt;/i&gt; nos conduce a una suerte de vacío, entendido éste no como ausencia, sino como lo &lt;i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"&gt;indeterminado&lt;/i&gt; que es múltiple posibilidad de &lt;i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"&gt;determinaciones&lt;/i&gt;; pero la noción de vació solo puede comprenderse en referencia a una dinámica entre&lt;span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"&gt;Ser&lt;/i&gt; y &lt;i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"&gt;No-Ser&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"&gt;afirmación&lt;/i&gt; y &lt;i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"&gt;negación&lt;/i&gt;; tal es pues el concepto de &lt;i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"&gt;deveni&lt;/i&gt;r.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"&gt;Para Zizek, si Hegel fue el filósofo del Siglo XIX, Heidegger es el filósofo del Siglo XX,&lt;span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;y su gran aporte es la completa elaboración de la finitud como constituyente positivo del ser-humano. Un ser humano siempre está en devenir arrojado en la situación, expuesto a algo sobre cogedor, y esta exposición es el cimiento mismo de la emergencia del universo del sentido del hombre: un ser humano solo puede comprender dentro de una brecha entre su mero estar-ahí y su modo de estar; es decir, las cosas solo nos parecen algo porque las tomamos como algo. En resumen: &lt;i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"&gt;“la comprensión total es un proyectar contingente de un vínculo sobre una brecha, no una aprehensión directa”&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Desktop/evaluaci%C3%B3n%20debates%20contemporaneos%20-%20eduardo%20medina.docx#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"&gt;[1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"&gt;. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"&gt;Heidegger nos sitúa pues en un momento en que asumimos el hecho de que no existe conocimiento absoluto &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"&gt;transhistórico; que toda moral, como la “otra” casa Cartesiana, es provisoria. Realidad pues es definida como experiencia vital, no como algo “allá afuera”, lo distinto o separado a nosotros; la realidad es personal, irrepetible, comunicable. Verdad entonces como enunciación de la experiencia, como una construcción del lenguaje: percibir se transforma en enunciar, enunciar es crear mundos; el nombre crea las formas, las formas de la realidad son relatos, existentes porque han sido enunciadas, y por ende se tornan en el alimento de la experiencia misma, se heredan, se cristalizan. La hermenéutica del ser histórico es una especie de ontología de la narración, de la “otra casa Cartesiana” que es esta existencia provisoria.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"&gt;Al hablar de enunciación, hablamos de creación, que no es otra cosa que el ser humano haciéndose a sí mismo por medio de la acción. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"&gt;En la indeterminación del vacio que fluctúa entre &lt;i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"&gt;Ser&lt;/i&gt; y &lt;i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"&gt;No-ser,&lt;/i&gt; que es el devenir del hombre,&lt;i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"&gt; &lt;/i&gt;es en la acción, en el trabajo pues, en términos marxistas, donde el hombre se produce a sí mismo, culturalmente y desde su biología: recordemos el pulgar, acción efectiva de una intención que solo se puede expresar en el trabajo, que es también la supervivencia misma ante esa exposición sobrecogedora en la situación. El hombre se realiza en la acción Ontológica y ónticamente.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"&gt;Violencia&lt;a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Desktop/evaluaci%C3%B3n%20debates%20contemporaneos%20-%20eduardo%20medina.docx#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"&gt;[2]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; es acción, acción es violencia; la violencia ontológica, es la violencia implícita en la condición misma del Ser: la condición de posibilidad trascendental como reverso de la condición de imposibilidad, “&lt;i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"&gt;la verdadera imposibilidad para un ser humano de intuir directamente la realidad, el verdadero fracaso, el no acertar en el blanco, …(que) es lo que constituye la apertura del mundo, de su horizonte”&lt;a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Desktop/evaluaci%C3%B3n%20debates%20contemporaneos%20-%20eduardo%20medina.docx#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"&gt;[3]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/i&gt;La violencia ontológica pues, abre la posibilidad, es la apertura la violencia óntica: la violencia ejercida en el espacio de los seres, en la interdependencia que es el espacio de las relaciones humanas. La historia la se realiza solo entre el hombre: la historia es la relación de los hombres y dicha relación es condicionada por las determinaciones económicas. Esta es la estructura de la historia. Todo lo demás –religión, arte, filosofía, ideología- son superestructuras resultado de una estructura económica, creaciones derivadas que dependen de la estructura enunciaría Marx, hijo de Hegel.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"&gt;Para Heidegger entonces, desde la ópica de Zizek, la violencia ontólogica es aquella violencia propia de todo acto humano en su finitud, que ese emergencia de su universo de sentido, piedra fundacional de una colectividad humana.&lt;span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;La brecha de paralaje, es esta proliferación de significaciones para referir; para referir dentro de nuestra finitud: única posibilidad de inteligibilidad; la brecha de paralaje es el síntoma de un antagonismo social traumático en donde múltiples realidades son un sitio de insoportable antagonismo donde no hay síntesis, sino que dicho antagonismo es el mismo devenir, la fluctuación entre &lt;i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"&gt;Ser y No-ser.&lt;/i&gt; &lt;span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"&gt;En términos del debate objetivistas vs. subjetivistas, paralelo a materialismo vs idealismo, no existe una realidad única que nos permita afirmar éste es el objeto, dicha intención conllevaría una ingenuidad del tipo: ahora si vamos&lt;span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;a mirar la realidad para resolver de una vez por todas si lo que existe es la idea o la materia, por el contrario, visión de paralaje: sujeto y objeto están inherentemente mediados, un desplazamiento en el punto de vista del sujeto es siempre un desplazamiento ontológico en el objeto mismo&lt;a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Desktop/evaluaci%C3%B3n%20debates%20contemporaneos%20-%20eduardo%20medina.docx#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"&gt;[4]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;; &lt;i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"&gt;“la brecha primordial no es la oposición polar de dos principios… sino la brecha mínima entre un elemento y él mismo, el vacio de su propio lugar de inscripción”.&lt;a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Desktop/evaluaci%C3%B3n%20debates%20contemporaneos%20-%20eduardo%20medina.docx#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"&gt;[5]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/i&gt;La violencia ontológica es la violencia de la creación, esta engloba una violencia simbólica: el lenguaje y sus formas, y una sistémica, la manera en que las formas con cristalizadas en una hegemonía, por medio de y perpetuadas por las relaciones económicas; violencia simbólica y sistémica son el estado “normal” de las cosas, lo que puede ser entendido como violencia objetiva; la violencia óntica se asocia con lo que Zizek llama violencia subjetiva: la perpetrada por sujetos identificables y se experimenta como una perturbación al estado “normal” de las cosas.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"&gt;La ley, se funda desde lo subjetivo, fuera del marco de legalidad en una “normalidad”; esto es, lo legal se funda, ocultando la violencia, fundadora en una nueva normalidad: gesto simbólico y sistémico, que oculta&lt;span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;en un objetivo supuesto, el crimen subjetivo creador. &lt;span class="apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"&gt;“La brecha entre lo individual y la dimensión social “impersonal” debe inscribirse nuevamente en el individuo en sí: el orden objetivo de la Sustancia social existe sólo en la medida en que los individuos la consideran como tal”&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Desktop/evaluaci%C3%B3n%20debates%20contemporaneos%20-%20eduardo%20medina.docx#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"&gt;[6]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;span class="apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"&gt;La filosofía entonces carece de objeto mas que estos fenómenos en los que los objetos “el orden objetivo”, es o son percibido desde distintas perspectivas, perspectivas que dan razón de un fondo social: acción/trabajo-relaciones económicas/lucha de clase; en donde la verdad es la verdad de la distorsión de perspectiva&lt;a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Desktop/evaluaci%C3%B3n%20debates%20contemporaneos%20-%20eduardo%20medina.docx#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"&gt;[7]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. La filosofía nace pues para Zizek de los malentendidos, la historia de la filosofía es la historia de una serie de malentendidos; malentendidos que son campo fértil para el pensamiento, el cual solo puede darse en una situación donde la noción de un logro de universalidad como situación que trascienda todos los antagonismos no es mas que una aspiración ideológica. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="ES" style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: ES;"&gt;La tarea fundamental de la crítica filosófica es cuestionar la génesis y soberanía de las formaciones ideológicas, es decir de la construcción ideológica de la realidad, en donde la lógica racional es ocultamiento y/o desocultamiento del crimen fundacional.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span lang="ES" style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: ES;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"&gt;El núcleo del orden social para Zizek entonces, está vacío, y sin embargo, en un régimen de normalidad, actuamos como si ese vacío no estuviera ahí como la dimensionalidad misma del devenir, la ideología, actúa como esa supuesta determinación positiva del régimen de normalidad otorgándole su objetividad. Esto no quiere decir que la ideología sea sinónimo de falsedad, algo que haya que develar, no es una distorsión de la realidad, sino simplemente el soporte en nuestra situación en la brecha de paralelaje; en términos llanos, nos hace reconocernos y funcionar.&lt;span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Nos otorga una identidad, que asumimos, olvidando su origen; instaura una cierta libertad, delimitando sus fronteras. Produce al sujeto libre y autónomo, uno que libremente acepta su sumisión. &lt;i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"&gt;“&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"&gt;&lt;span lang="ES" style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: ES;"&gt;La ideología no se manifiesta únicamente en lo que decimos, sabemos o creemos, sino que es primordialmente un mecanismo encarnado en actos, prácticas e instituciones; es en la forma en la que las creencias se exteriorizan como prácticas que la ideología se reproduce a sí misma”&lt;a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Desktop/evaluaci%C3%B3n%20debates%20contemporaneos%20-%20eduardo%20medina.docx#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"&gt;&lt;span lang="ES" style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"&gt;[8]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"&gt;&lt;span lang="ES" style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: ES;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span lang="ES" style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: ES;"&gt;Parecería que fuera de la ideología no hay nada, y si esta constituye nuestra dimensión de experiencia efectiva, aspirar a algo mas allá de ella es aspirar a una realidad “real” mas allá de mi ser finito; aspiración altamente ideológica finalmente. La labor de la filosofía consistiría entonces, en una especie de dar un paso atrás; buscar la distancia frente a la ideología, “&lt;i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"&gt;el lugar desde el que es posible denunciarla, debe permanecer vacío, no puede ser ocupado por ninguna realidad positivamente determinada, caer en esta tentación implica estar de vuelta en la ideología&lt;/i&gt;”&lt;a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Desktop/evaluaci%C3%B3n%20debates%20contemporaneos%20-%20eduardo%20medina.docx#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span lang="ES" style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"&gt;[9]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. La alternativa es rendirse, en la medida de lo posible a la tentación de la incidencia ideológica. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span lang="ES" style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: ES;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span lang="ES" style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: ES;"&gt;E&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"&gt;l tomar distancia la filosofía frente a la ideología, es una intención de ir de la esfera de lo real, a la esfera de lo posible; morar entre la brecha que separa dichas esferas. Para Zizek esto es morar en una especie de suspenso; morar en este orden de suspensión no es la estrategia de hacer una política diferente, dicha estrategia es la del activismo que no hace mas que perpetuar la ideología, obligando al individuo a elegir entre lo elegible dentro del mismo orden, por ejemplo cualquier política emancipatoria que siga teniendo como referente al estado solo perpetua la ideología que lo sustenta otorgándole cierto balance, pero manteniéndonos en el mismo horizonte. El orden de suspensión por su parte busca es la posibilidad de trasladarnos a otras coordenadas para hacer posible lo no posible, lo no pensable en el presente orden. No se trataría por ejemplo de buscar la “equidad de sexos” en activismos, sino suspender la actividad que sostiene dicha ideología, para trasladarnos a un orden en donde la sexualidad del individuo es irrelevante en la organización económico-social.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"&gt;Este orden de suspensión pues trata de una pasividad radical que rehúse las elecciones forzadas, lanzándonos a la opción posible que aun no ha sido enunciada; esta pasividad no propone una alternativa al estado actual de las cosas, sino que se enfoca a aquello que el orden actual de las cosas excluye en cada una de sus “alternativas”, yendo así más allá de la transgresión. En sí misma, esta pasividad es el excluido ideológico que sustenta nuestra experiencia consciente, nuestra acción, y nuestra autodeterminación histórica. Es el vacio, como la indeterminación entre &lt;i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"&gt;Ser&lt;/i&gt; y &lt;i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"&gt;No-ser&lt;/i&gt;, que no es ausencia o carencia, sino la posibilidad y dimensionalidad de lo existente, desde donde la trascendencia humana se construye pese y gracias a su finitud.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"&gt;Frente al ímpetu del sistema económico capitalista global, Zizek apuesta por una pasividad no negociable y que no busca negociación, un antagonismo radical que acaece como una intervención que desarma y transforma las coordinadas de lo que es posible, trasladándonos a otra condición de posibilidad.&lt;span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Paradójicamente se trata de una agresión pasiva,&lt;span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;un gesto político, “la política del no”, opuesta a una pasividad agresiva, que nada cambia, que ocasiona que todo permanezca como está.&lt;span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Esta es la aparente apoliticidad de la negación de Bartleby, un no que a la vez significa sí en el sentido de que abre un horizonte, y no lo abre solo para sí, sino que ese es comunicable al momento de desestabilizar completamente al sistema al estar completamente desenraizado del mismo, ocasionando que los sujetos se cuestionen radicalmente el orden de la normalidad, el orden simbólico de lo enunciado, y lo oculto en la creación de la ley. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"&gt;El No de Bartleby es un retorno al arché, es en sí mismo un arché, no es un punto de partida para después actuar&lt;span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;positivamente dentro del mismo orden, sino que es ya un movimiento y un fin en sí, un horizonte abriéndose, es el alejamiento de Mallarmé: &lt;i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"&gt;rien n’aura eu lieu que le lieu &lt;/i&gt;nada tiene lugar salvo el lugar mismo. Es el acontecimiento que nos traslada a otro horizonte. No se trata pues en ningún momento de una simple protesta o resistencia, que alimenta su existencia de esa misma hegemonía ante la que se opone (transgresión y rebelión perpetuán la ideología como elementos que otorgan goce y sensación de autodeterminación al individuo); el No de Bartleby es ya un actuar por fuera de dicha hegemonía y de su misma negación. Por decirlo así, es un acto que deforesta nuestros actuales esquemas mentales; es la caída de un orden simbólico enunciado.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"&gt;Al final de la historia Bartleby muere, cabría aquí señalar la alusión compartida por Zizek al comienzo de “La sonrisa de Bartleby”, conclusión a Visión de Paralaje, &lt;i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"&gt;“...el éxito mismo puede consistir únicamente en asumir heroicamente la plena dimensión del fracaso mismo, “repitiendo” el fracaso, como “propio”&lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Desktop/evaluaci%C3%B3n%20debates%20contemporaneos%20-%20eduardo%20medina.docx#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"&gt;[10]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. Ya había quedado claro al comienzo, por nuestra finitud, toda moral adoptada, es provisoria. Pero en lo absurdamente ridículo de esta intención fracasada, heroica pero fracasada, de mantenerse distante frente a la ideología, suspendido en no-actos de pasividad agresiva,&lt;span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;la insignificancia de Bartleby: él no podría matar ni una mosca, es tan insoportable frente a un orden de significado; sí, precisamente la insignificancia del no-acto, nótese el juego de doble sentido de la palabra.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: right;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;Insignificante: La sonrisa de Bartleby.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: right;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;Autor del ensayo: &amp;nbsp;Eduardo Medina Frías&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: right;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_8LONHn-XDWQ/TUydcLkpR5I/AAAAAAAAA90/US8DCE3WLKA/s1600/zizek.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="400" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_8LONHn-XDWQ/TUydcLkpR5I/AAAAAAAAA90/US8DCE3WLKA/s400/zizek.jpg" width="342" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;Bibliografía:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"&gt;Zizek; Slavoj. &lt;i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"&gt;“Introduction: The Spectre of Ideology”.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;Zizek; Slavoj. &lt;i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"&gt;“Visión de paralaje”.&lt;/i&gt; &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;Zizek; Slavoj. &lt;i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"&gt;“Violence”.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="mso-element: footnote-list;"&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;br clear="all" /&gt;  &lt;hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" /&gt;  &lt;!--[endif]--&gt;  &lt;div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;"&gt;  &lt;div class="MsoFootnoteText"&gt;&lt;a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Desktop/evaluaci%C3%B3n%20debates%20contemporaneos%20-%20eduardo%20medina.docx#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"&gt;[1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; Zizek; Slavoj. “Visión de paralaje”.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;"&gt;  &lt;div class="MsoFootnoteText"&gt;&lt;a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Desktop/evaluaci%C3%B3n%20debates%20contemporaneos%20-%20eduardo%20medina.docx#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"&gt;[2]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;span class="apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;La raíz de la palabra&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="apple-converted-space"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"&gt;violencia&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span class="apple-converted-space"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;es la combinación de dos palabras en latín: “vis” (fuerza) y el participio “latus”, de la palabra “fero” (acarrear, llevar), “acarrear fuerza hacia”, violencia significa “fuerza intensa”.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;"&gt;  &lt;div class="MsoFootnoteText"&gt;&lt;a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Desktop/evaluaci%C3%B3n%20debates%20contemporaneos%20-%20eduardo%20medina.docx#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"&gt;[3]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; Zizek. Ibid.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id="ftn4" style="mso-element: footnote;"&gt;  &lt;div class="MsoFootnoteText"&gt;&lt;a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Desktop/evaluaci%C3%B3n%20debates%20contemporaneos%20-%20eduardo%20medina.docx#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"&gt;[4]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; Ibid.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id="ftn5" style="mso-element: footnote;"&gt;  &lt;div class="MsoFootnoteText"&gt;&lt;a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Desktop/evaluaci%C3%B3n%20debates%20contemporaneos%20-%20eduardo%20medina.docx#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"&gt;[5]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; Ibid.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id="ftn6" style="mso-element: footnote;"&gt;  &lt;div class="MsoFootnoteText"&gt;&lt;a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Desktop/evaluaci%C3%B3n%20debates%20contemporaneos%20-%20eduardo%20medina.docx#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"&gt;[6]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; Ibid.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id="ftn7" style="mso-element: footnote;"&gt;  &lt;div class="MsoFootnoteText"&gt;&lt;a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Desktop/evaluaci%C3%B3n%20debates%20contemporaneos%20-%20eduardo%20medina.docx#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"&gt;[7]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; Lo que no equivale a decir que todo sea relativo; sino que es una declaración espitemológica lanzada desde nuestra finitud. Finitud que hace posible un mundo inteligible, esto opuesto a una noción de conocimiento absoluto o totalidad que como un horror claustrofóbico, enterraría la posibilidad de movimiento, de apertura de horizontes.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id="ftn8" style="mso-element: footnote;"&gt;  &lt;div class="MsoFootnoteText"&gt;&lt;a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Desktop/evaluaci%C3%B3n%20debates%20contemporaneos%20-%20eduardo%20medina.docx#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"&gt;[8]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"&gt;Zizek; Slavoj. “Introduction: The Spectre of Ideology”.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id="ftn9" style="mso-element: footnote;"&gt;  &lt;div class="MsoFootnoteText"&gt;&lt;a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Desktop/evaluaci%C3%B3n%20debates%20contemporaneos%20-%20eduardo%20medina.docx#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"&gt;[9]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; Ibid.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id="ftn10" style="mso-element: footnote;"&gt;  &lt;div class="MsoFootnoteText"&gt;&lt;a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Desktop/evaluaci%C3%B3n%20debates%20contemporaneos%20-%20eduardo%20medina.docx#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"&gt;[10]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; Zizek; Slajov. “Visión de Paralaje”.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/7562027159907211241-4906771749172925496?l=mapasyapuntes.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://mapasyapuntes.blogspot.com/feeds/4906771749172925496/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://mapasyapuntes.blogspot.com/2011/02/insignificante-la-sonrisa-de-bartleby.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7562027159907211241/posts/default/4906771749172925496'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7562027159907211241/posts/default/4906771749172925496'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://mapasyapuntes.blogspot.com/2011/02/insignificante-la-sonrisa-de-bartleby.html' title='Insignificante: La sonrisa de Bartleby'/><author><name>Damnatio Memoriae</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/12504964180026976320</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='31' height='32' src='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_8LONHn-XDWQ/TJVlUXxsjUI/AAAAAAAAA0s/6vYpQ1qHz6k/S220/img012+-+copia+-+copia+-+copia+(2).jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_8LONHn-XDWQ/TUydcLkpR5I/AAAAAAAAA90/US8DCE3WLKA/s72-c/zizek.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7562027159907211241.post-5975002945457872522</id><published>2011-02-02T16:33:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2011-04-18T11:52:38.162-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Filosofía'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Arte'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Eduardo Medina'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='John Cage'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Chögyam Trungpa'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Estética'/><title type='text'>4'33'', John Cage, 1952</title><content type='html'>&lt;div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"&gt;&lt;div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"&gt;&lt;div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;A Fede V.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: right;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: right;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;"And now, we’ll have an explanation that simple folks like us can also understand about immortality. All I ask is that you step with me into the boundlessness, where constancy, quietude, and peace, infinite emptiness reign. And just imagine that in this infinite sonorous silence, everywhere is an impenetrable darkness. Here we only experience general motion, and at first we don’t notice the events we are witnessing. The brilliant light of the Sun always sheds its heat and light on that side of the Earth, which is just then turned towards it. And we stand here in its brilliance".&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: right;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;Del dialogo de la primera secuencia en Werckmeister Harmonies. Dir. Bela Tarr&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: right;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;En 1951, Cage visita la cámara anecoica en la Universidad de Harvard. Dicha cámara esta diseñada de modo que las paredes, el techo, y el suelo, absorban todo sonido emitido en su interior, en vez de reflejarlo a modo de eco. Dicha cámara es también completamente hermética, ningún sonido en su exterior lograría filtrarse a su interior. John Cage entró a dicha cámara con la expectativa de experimentar un silencio absoluto: “lo que sucedió fue que escuché dos sonidos, uno agudo y uno grave. Cuando describí esto al ingeniero de sonido a cargo, me informó que el sonido agudo era mi sistema nervioso operando, y el grave, la sangre fluyendo en mi sistema circulatorio”[1].&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Un año después, 4’33’’, obra en tres movimientos donde se le indica al interprete no tocar su instrumento durante tres minutos treinta y tres segundos, es estrenada en Agosto, en Woodstock N.Y. Dicha obra trata menos acerca del silencio y más sobre un despertar al sonido. “No hay tal cosa como el silencio. Lo que tomaron por silencio responde a un no saber escuchar. Uno podía escuchar el viento soplando durante el primer movimiento. Durante el segundo, las gotas de lluvia comenzaban a golpear el techo, y durante el tercero la misma audiencia comenzó a realizar toda clase de interesantes sonidos mientras hablaban o se marchaban de la sala. El espacio estuvo lleno de sonidos accidentales”[2], recapituló Cage.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Despertar al sonido; atención, conciencia despierta, nociones recurrentes y fundamentales en el budismo; disciplina que Cage practicó a lo largo de su vida desde finales de la década de los 1940’s bajo la tutoría del maestro japonés D.T. Suzuki.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;La gran preocupación de Cage en la primera fase de su carrera musical fue el asunto de la comunicación, solía mencionar irónico[3] que a pesar de que le habían enseñado que la música era un medio de comunicación, cuando escribía una pieza triste la gente reía y viceversa, por la que a la larga, frustrado concluyó: “la música no comunica realmente a la gente, o si lo hace, lo hace de una manera muy muy diferente a la comunicación verbal de persona a persona”[4]. Ironías aparte, John Cage había perdido el sentido de escribir música, y dejó de hacerlo hasta encontrar una mejor razón que la “expresión personal”; sentido y razón que encontró a través de la filosofía y disciplina meditativa budista, a partir de ese momento dice el compositor “Yo dediqué mi música… mi trabajo se volvió una exploración de la no intención”[5].&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Desde la perspectiva de Chögyam Trungpa, artista y maestro budista, arte budista no se refiere a la iconografía, a la representación de símbolos e ideas budistas, sino al arte que surge de un estado mental particular en el artista, “un estado que podríamos llamar meditativo y que consiste en una actitud de relación directa con la propia creatividad, en la que el artista no está pendiente de sí mismo” [6]. Para Trungpa, la obstaculización principal en el trabajo artístico es la noción que separa al artista de su público y desde esa noción intentar transmitir "un mensaje" desde un Yo desligado del otro; esto, señala Trungpa, se trata de exhibicionismo, y por lo general, con todo y una maestría en la técnica, termina generando una situación de torpeza, que sustrae de todo su sentido al quehacer artístico. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;En el arte meditativo, el artista es a la vez creador y espectador; al no estar disociadas las nociones de artista y público, el artista no busca impresionar o entusiasmar alguien, no busca imponer un mensaje calculando la reacción que su obra producirá al espectador. En el arte meditativo, el artista “simplemente pinta un cuadro, recita un poema, compone una obra musical…”[7], este es el sentido de la no intención en John Cage. “¿Y por qué escribir música? ¿Por qué tocar música? Cage responde: no se debe proceder con propósitos, sino con sonidos”[8].&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Respecto al mensaje o el sentido de comunicación en la música: en la visión que separa al artista del público, donde el artista predetermina el supuesto efecto que sus obras producirán en el espectador, el mensaje termina entintándose de una lucha entre pensamientos, temores y obligaciones, lucha que se manifestará tanto en el autor como en el público, como aquella situación de torpeza mencionada anteriormente; un ejemplo de esto es aquella frustración de Cage respecto a la comunicación en la música en su primera etapa como compositor, esta es la torpeza del ego y su deseo de control e imposición. En la visión no disociada, el arte como la exploración de la no intención: “El mensaje consiste sencillamente en apreciar la naturaleza de las cosas como son y en expresar esa naturaleza sin caer en una lucha… el arte budista se basa en limitarse a entrar en contacto con los objetos tal como son, entonces el mensaje se transmite automáticamente”[9], esto es, el espectador no recibe la obra como una forma de agresión o adoctrinamiento, la obra o proceso no se manifiesta como una imposición de la problemática del artista, sino que ésta pone al espectador meramente como copartícipe de una situación; lo despierta a ella, lo hace consciente.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;John Cage se expresa así: “Crear es una afirmación de vida, no un intento de llevar orden al caos para sugerir perfeccionamientos… sino simplemente una forma de despertarse a la vida que nosotros estamos viviendo”.[10]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Después de aquella visita a la cámara anecoica en Harvard, Cage expresa que el significado esencial del silencio es la perdida de atención; mas allá de un concepto, como experiencia: el silencio solo puede ser comprendido como una perdida de conciencia, de la conciencia acústica en particular. 4'33" no dice silencio, dice escucha, y escuchamos: el sonido en su crudeza esencial, libres de toda construcción conceptual. Para Paul Hegarty[12], 4’33’’ es el inicio del noise music. En el pensamiento budista, meditación no es poner la conciencia en blanco o una especie de escapismo de la realidad, sino una forma de afinar la atención para llevar a la conciencia a una experiencia cruda, desnuda de conceptualismos, expectativas, deseos de dominio y control, libre de emotividades perturbadas: 184mil kleshas.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;El silencio, a partir de la experiencia de John Cage, es solamente un concepto, una caída o un ideal; mientras hay conciencia, hay sonido. El sonido no es algo que ocurre en el espacio del silencio, el silencio es un concepto relativo al continuo del espacio que es en su totalidad sonido; espacio que es eso que llamamos: realidad, realidad que no es otra aquí mas que la experiencia vital subjetiva. “La música inventa al silencio, la arquitectura inventa al espacio… Silencio es música, música no es silencio.”[11].&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Al Cage devolvernos de esa manera a la experiencia primaria del sonido, libre de toda elaboración, enuncia que el arte ya no es un objetivar que separa la obra de la vida, y lo redefine como una actitud hacia la vida; actitud para percibir aquella belleza de las cosas como son, de la que habla el budismo. Si existe un silencio en 4’33’’ es un silencio conceptual.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Esto es la no intención de la voluntad del autor, que posibilita vaciar de intencionalidad a un auditorio en tanto a su demanda por escuchar lo que por hegemonía cultural a interiorizado e intelectualizado; 4’33’’ es un movimiento que va del entender el valor de la obra en tanto un goce que depende de la satisfacción respecto a demandas conceptuales, al goce en tanto al sonido en sí mismo. Los conceptos se disuelven al escuchar los sonidos desenvolviéndose, olvido que esto tiene un autor; en un segundo momento puedo traer los conceptos denuevo y escuchar ritmo, melodía y armonía en una goteo constante en el techo y los pasos de la gente el único autor aquí soy yo; nosotros creamos el mundo conceptualmente.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Recobrando una experiencia auditiva desnuda, Cage realiza una declaración filosófica entorno a la realidad: esa experiencia vital, experiencia que filtro y modelo a través de conceptos, se encuentra vacía.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Cage nos arroja a una situación de vació; dice Borges: "...y enunciar desde ese vacío es poesía. Poesía es todo arte, arte es teatralidad: la forma[12]. La necesidad de enmarcar la experiencia en 4’33’’ minutos, es la forma, es la enunciación consciente que anuncia la posibilidad de reconstruir la realidad desde una nueva perspectiva: el arte como crear situaciones hacia una toma de conciencia; ¡que distinto a la problemática torpeza de imponer un mensaje! como si una toma de conciencia pudiera ser impuesta. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: right;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;“I have nothing to say and I am saying it and that is poetry as I need it’”&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: right;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;John Cage.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;4’33’’ es silencio, si este silencio es análogo al concepto de vacío; cobrar conciencia de éste, “escuchar”, equivale al Nirvana, la cesación de la torpeza, la incesante y problemática lucha del ego, esto es: Samsara, la ignorancia del vacío, el ciclo interminable de la rueda de la vida donde los seres agonizan y se piensan mortales; cautivos de una sucesión de mundos (conceptos) que ellos mismos han creado. “Samsara es nirvana, nirvana no es samsara… Silence: nirvana es samsara, silencio es música”[16].&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: right;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;“La forma es vacío, el vacío es forma; la forma no difiere del vacío, el vacío no difiere de la forma; lo que sea forma, es vacío; lo que sea vacío es forma. Así también son las sensaciones, percepciones, impulsos y la consciencia”.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: right;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;Sutra del corazón&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: right;"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: right;"&gt;4'33'', John Cage, 1952.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: right;"&gt;Autor del ensayo: Eduardo Medina Frias.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_8LONHn-XDWQ/TUn2o5i1tdI/AAAAAAAAA9s/0A53pVWzbgs/s1600/john_cage_2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="214" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_8LONHn-XDWQ/TUn2o5i1tdI/AAAAAAAAA9s/0A53pVWzbgs/s320/john_cage_2.jpg" width="320" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="apple-converted-space"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="apple-converted-space"&gt;&lt;b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"&gt;Bibliografia.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="apple-converted-space"&gt;&lt;b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;Carrol; Noël.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="apple-converted-space"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt; “&lt;i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"&gt;Cage and Philosophy”&lt;/i&gt;. The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism. Vol.52. No.1. The Philosophy of Music. Winter. 1994. pp.93-98&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="apple-converted-space"&gt;&lt;b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;Iturbide; Manuel Rocha.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="apple-converted-space"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt; &lt;i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"&gt;“John Cage”&lt;/i&gt;. Revista: La pus moderna. No.3. México D.F. 1991&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;Jiménez; David Martín.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt; &lt;i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"&gt;“La filosofía Zen en el trabajo de John Cage como antecedente y generador de 4’33’’ &lt;/i&gt;”. Escuela Nacional de Música. Licenciatura en composición. 404082 514 UNAM.&lt;span class="apple-converted-space"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="apple-converted-space"&gt;&lt;b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;Kahn; Douglas.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="apple-converted-space"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="apple-converted-space"&gt;&lt;i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;“John Cage: Silence and Silencing”.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="apple-converted-space"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt; The Music Querterly, Vol. 81, No.4. Winter, 1997. pp. 556-598&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;Kostelanetz; Richard&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;. “&lt;i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"&gt;Conversing with John Cage&lt;/i&gt;”. Ed. Routledge. N.Y. 2003&lt;span class="apple-converted-space"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="apple-converted-space"&gt;&lt;b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;Trungpa; Chögyam&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="apple-converted-space"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="apple-converted-space"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;“&lt;i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"&gt;Dharma, Arte y Percepción Visual&lt;/i&gt;”. Ed. MTM. Madrid. 2007&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="mso-element: footnote-list;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" /&gt;&lt;div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;"&gt;&lt;div class="MsoFootnoteText"&gt;&lt;a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Desktop/Evaluaci%C3%B3n%20revoluciones%20est%C3%A9ticas%20-%20eduardo%20medina.docx#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;[1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;span lang="EN-US"&gt;CBS. “A few notes about silence and John Cage”. www.cbc.ca Nobember 24, 2004&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;"&gt;&lt;div class="MsoFootnoteText"&gt;&lt;a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Desktop/Evaluaci%C3%B3n%20revoluciones%20est%C3%A9ticas%20-%20eduardo%20medina.docx#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;[2]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-US"&gt; Kostelanetz; Richard. “Conversing with John Cage”. Ed. Routledge. N.Y. 2003 p.70&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;"&gt;&lt;div class="MsoFootnoteText"&gt;&lt;a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Desktop/Evaluaci%C3%B3n%20revoluciones%20est%C3%A9ticas%20-%20eduardo%20medina.docx#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;[3]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; Jiménez; David Martín. “La filosofía Zen en el trabajo de John Cage como antecedente y generador de 4’33’’ ”. Escuela Nacional de Música. Licenciatura en composición. 404082 514 UNAM. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id="ftn4" style="mso-element: footnote;"&gt;&lt;div class="MsoFootnoteText"&gt;&lt;a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Desktop/Evaluaci%C3%B3n%20revoluciones%20est%C3%A9ticas%20-%20eduardo%20medina.docx#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;[4]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; Ibid.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id="ftn5" style="mso-element: footnote;"&gt;&lt;div class="MsoFootnoteText"&gt;&lt;a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Desktop/Evaluaci%C3%B3n%20revoluciones%20est%C3%A9ticas%20-%20eduardo%20medina.docx#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;[5]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-US"&gt; Cage; John. “An Autobiographical Statment”. Southwest Review. N.Y. 1992&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id="ftn6" style="mso-element: footnote;"&gt;&lt;div class="MsoFootnoteText"&gt;&lt;a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Desktop/Evaluaci%C3%B3n%20revoluciones%20est%C3%A9ticas%20-%20eduardo%20medina.docx#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;[6]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; Trungpa; Chögyam. “Dharma, arte y percepción visual”. Ed. MTM. España. 2007 p. 17&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id="ftn7" style="mso-element: footnote;"&gt;&lt;div class="MsoFootnoteText"&gt;&lt;a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Desktop/Evaluaci%C3%B3n%20revoluciones%20est%C3%A9ticas%20-%20eduardo%20medina.docx#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;[7]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; Ibid. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id="ftn8" style="mso-element: footnote;"&gt;&lt;div class="MsoFootnoteText"&gt;&lt;a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Desktop/Evaluaci%C3%B3n%20revoluciones%20est%C3%A9ticas%20-%20eduardo%20medina.docx#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;[8]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; Rocha Iturbide; Manuel. “John Cage”. La pus moderna. No.3 México DF. 1991&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id="ftn9" style="mso-element: footnote;"&gt;&lt;div class="MsoFootnoteText"&gt;&lt;a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Desktop/Evaluaci%C3%B3n%20revoluciones%20est%C3%A9ticas%20-%20eduardo%20medina.docx#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;[9]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; Trungpa; Chögyam. Ibid. pp. 17, 18, 137.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id="ftn10" style="mso-element: footnote;"&gt;&lt;div class="MsoFootnoteText"&gt;&lt;a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Desktop/Evaluaci%C3%B3n%20revoluciones%20est%C3%A9ticas%20-%20eduardo%20medina.docx#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;[10]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; Rocha Iturbide; Manuel. Ibid. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id="ftn11" style="mso-element: footnote;"&gt;&lt;div class="MsoFootnoteText"&gt;&lt;a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Desktop/Evaluaci%C3%B3n%20revoluciones%20est%C3%A9ticas%20-%20eduardo%20medina.docx#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;[11]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-US"&gt; Paz; Octavio. “Lectura de John Cage”. En Ladera este. 1966.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id="ftn12" style="mso-element: footnote;"&gt;&lt;div class="MsoFootnoteText"&gt;&lt;a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Desktop/Evaluaci%C3%B3n%20revoluciones%20est%C3%A9ticas%20-%20eduardo%20medina.docx#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;[12]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-US"&gt; Hegarty; Paul. “Noise/Music: A History”. Continuum International Publishing. N.Y. 2007&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id="ftn13" style="mso-element: footnote;"&gt;&lt;div class="MsoFootnoteText"&gt;&lt;a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Desktop/Evaluaci%C3%B3n%20revoluciones%20est%C3%A9ticas%20-%20eduardo%20medina.docx#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;[13]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;span lang="EN-US"&gt;Kostelanetz; Richard. Ibid.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id="ftn14" style="mso-element: footnote;"&gt;&lt;div class="MsoFootnoteText"&gt;&lt;a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Desktop/Evaluaci%C3%B3n%20revoluciones%20est%C3%A9ticas%20-%20eduardo%20medina.docx#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;[14]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;span class="apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-US"&gt;Meditation is a way to make the mind more stable and clear.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-US"&gt; &lt;span class="apple-style-span"&gt;The word for meditation in Sanskrit is "shamatha" in Sanskrit (Tibetan: shi-ne), which means "peacefully abiding." Peacefully abiding describes the mind as it naturally is. It means that the mind is able to be present, without constantly leaving. Shambhala Art is art that springs from the meditative state of mind. As a process, it brings wakefulness and awareness to the creative and viewing processes through the integration of&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-US"&gt;contemplation and meditation. It&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt; i&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-US"&gt;s based&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-US"&gt;on a collection of teachings by Chögyam Trungpa that appreciate the uniqueness of everyday sensory experience.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.shambhala.org/meditation/faqs.php"&gt;&lt;span style="color: windowtext;"&gt;http://www.shambhala.org/meditation/faqs.php&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="apple-style-span"&gt;, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.shambhala.org/arts.php"&gt;&lt;span style="color: windowtext;"&gt;http://www.shambhala.org/arts.php&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id="ftn15" style="mso-element: footnote;"&gt;&lt;div class="MsoFootnoteText"&gt;&lt;a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Desktop/Evaluaci%C3%B3n%20revoluciones%20est%C3%A9ticas%20-%20eduardo%20medina.docx#_ftnref15" name="_ftn15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;[15]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; Borges; Jorge Luis. “Arte poética”. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id="ftn16" style="mso-element: footnote;"&gt;&lt;div class="MsoFootnoteText"&gt;&lt;a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Desktop/Evaluaci%C3%B3n%20revoluciones%20est%C3%A9ticas%20-%20eduardo%20medina.docx#_ftnref16" name="_ftn16" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16;" title=""&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;[16]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; Paz; Octavio. Ibid.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="390" src="http://www.youtube.com/embed/6QUMYQEO_9g" title="YouTube video player" width="480"&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;In order to create an enlighted society, you have to change the culture, and in order to change the culture you have to change art - Chögyam Trungpa Rimpoche&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/7562027159907211241-5975002945457872522?l=mapasyapuntes.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://mapasyapuntes.blogspot.com/feeds/5975002945457872522/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://mapasyapuntes.blogspot.com/2011/02/433-john-cage-1952-por-eduardo-medina.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7562027159907211241/posts/default/5975002945457872522'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7562027159907211241/posts/default/5975002945457872522'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://mapasyapuntes.blogspot.com/2011/02/433-john-cage-1952-por-eduardo-medina.html' title='4&apos;33&apos;&apos;, John Cage, 1952'/><author><name>Damnatio Memoriae</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/12504964180026976320</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='31' height='32' src='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_8LONHn-XDWQ/TJVlUXxsjUI/AAAAAAAAA0s/6vYpQ1qHz6k/S220/img012+-+copia+-+copia+-+copia+(2).jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_8LONHn-XDWQ/TUn2o5i1tdI/AAAAAAAAA9s/0A53pVWzbgs/s72-c/john_cage_2.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7562027159907211241.post-8394618850447766806</id><published>2011-01-30T16:14:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2011-01-30T16:38:39.437-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Filosofía'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Eduardo Medina'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Freud'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Hegel'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Estética'/><title type='text'>Lucifer y la metaficción del bien y el mal: El Paraíso Perdido. Eduardo Medina Frias.</title><content type='html'>&lt;div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"&gt;El origen de la conciencia moral&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 150%;"&gt;Lucifer y la metaficción del bien y el mal: El Paraíso Perdido.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 150%;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="right" style="line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: right; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-US" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 1pt; color: black; font-size: 10pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;"&gt;If only there were evil people somewhere, insidiously committing evil deeds, and it were necessary only to separate them from the rest of us and destroy them. But the line dividing good and evil cuts through the heart of every human being. And who is willing to destroy a piece of his own heart?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="right" style="line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: right; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 1pt; color: black; font-size: 10pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;"&gt;—Alexander Solzhenitsyn&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"&gt;&lt;span class="apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;Desde la óptica&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="ES-TRAD" style="color: black;"&gt; Hegeliana, la vida histórica se define como, las tensiones entre el espíritu subjetivo y objetivo, entre el individuo y los poderes sociales supraindividuales; tensiones no superadas que son el elemento impulsor de la historia.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="apple-converted-space"&gt;&lt;span lang="ES-TRAD" style="color: black;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="ES-TRAD" style="color: black;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="apple-style-span"&gt;La moral es la lucha entre la pasión y la razón, el impulso y la ley, la carne y el espíritu. Devenir que se desliza sobre una oposición. El antagonismo es en efecto la ley misma del mundo físico y moral. Esa oposición debe ser superada, este es el destino de los seres que se realiza en el incesante despliegue y enriquecimiento-progreso de las existencias.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="apple-style-span"&gt;Sin embargo este destino moral para establecer la paz y la felicidad no existe. Fin y cumplimiento son cosas distintas, el deber es tender al fin incesantemente y con todo esfuerzo. Mas en la moral el fin nunca se alcanza completamente.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"&gt;&lt;span lang="ES-TRAD"&gt;La cultura, la historia de su desarrollo, es la historia de la lucha por la supervivencia de la especie humana. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"&gt;&lt;span lang="ES-TRAD"&gt;“Reconocemos como «culturales» todas las actividades y valores que son útiles para el ser humano en tanto ponen la tierra a su servicio, lo protegen contra la violencia de las fuerzas naturales, etc. Sobre este aspecto de lo cultural hay poquísimas dudas”&lt;a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Desktop/evaluaci%C3%B3n%20psicoanalisis%20-%20eduardo%20medina.docx#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"&gt;&lt;span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"&gt;[1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span lang="ES-TRAD"&gt;Para Sigmund Freud, del razonamiento anterior, no se desprende como conclusión que la cultura nos llevará, necesariamente: “&lt;i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"&gt;a las alturas de una insospechada perfección&lt;/i&gt;”, por el contrario se pronuncia con cautela respecto a donde dicha expectativa subrepticia nos puede arrojar. Enuncia un malestar: el estado presente de insatisfacción en el que dicha expectativa nos mantiene. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"&gt;&lt;b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"&gt;&lt;span lang="ES-TRAD"&gt;Aferramiento por la vida: dolor y placer.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"&gt;&lt;span lang="ES-TRAD"&gt;Si la cultura es la lucha por la supervivencia de la especie humana, habría que preguntarse primero por el sentido de dicha lucha, en otras palabras por el sentido de la vida humana. Mencionaba Albert Camus, que… “&lt;i&gt;En el apego de un hombre a su vida hay algo mas fuerte que todas las miserias del mundo. El juicio del cuerpo vale tanto como el de la razón y el cuerpo retrocede ante la aniquilación. Cogemos la costumbre de vivir antes de adquirir la de pensar&lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Desktop/evaluaci%C3%B3n%20psicoanalisis%20-%20eduardo%20medina.docx#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"&gt;[2]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;”. Sabemos poco respecto a las causas últimas del universo, del mundo natural, de nuestra propia existencia, pero sabemos que debemos sobrevivir; no es la conclusión de una gran disertación filosófico-científica, tampoco se necesitó de siglos de un proceso de civilización para llegar a ello, digamos que simplemente ocurre así: nos aferramos a la vida; esto lo hace cualquier animal, incluso una planta. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span lang="ES-TRAD"&gt;Nacemos y&amp;nbsp; viene el dolor, el sufrimiento, el cual me devela mi fragilidad, la que arroja luz sobre esa caducidad ineludible que culmina con la&lt;b&gt; &lt;/b&gt;muerte.&lt;b&gt; &lt;/b&gt;Sufrimiento es necesidad, el dolor de la necesidad dicta el aferramiento a la vida: horror ante la disgregación de uno mismo; el goce del satisfactor dirige los movimientos de esta vida: todos los actos que realizamos en nuestra vida giran en torno a esta dinámica: la búsqueda del placer. Superar la experiencia del sufrimiento, morar en el goce del placer; es en este sentido cuando decimos que lo que todo ser humano busca, o al caso, lo que todo ser sensible o consciente busca es la felicidad; entendiendo ésta como: “&lt;i&gt;un estado de satisfacción debido a la propia situación en el mundo&lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Desktop/evaluaci%C3%B3n%20psicoanalisis%20-%20eduardo%20medina.docx#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"&gt;[3]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;”. Todo aquello que nos ponga en una situación de insatisfacción respecto a nuestra situación en el mundo es lo que llamamos sufrimiento: como opuesto a la felicidad.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"&gt;Todos nuestros actos están encaminados hacia esta felicidad, por contrarios que parezcan a esto, ¡Cuanta satisfacción, cuanto goce encuentra el masoquista al definir su situación en el mundo como la de tal!. En esta búsqueda por el placer, por superar esa experiencia aterradora que es el mirar nuestra caducidad, creamos, heredamos y elegimos distintas escalas de valores, pautas de conducta, formas de vida: cosmovisiones, que no son otra cosa más que elaboraciones –hipótesis (ciencia) y metaficciones (ideología)- que parten del conocimiento que nos brinda la experiencia dura. Saber que la manzana cae, que la gravedad, no es suficiente resguardo ante el sufrimiento, hay que elaborar un relato: desde su planteamiento, nudo y posibles clímax en tanto nuestra disposición frente a la meta –el ideal-, esa situación de plena felicidad, de perfección.&amp;nbsp; Esto es cultura, esto es civilización, una expectativa de felicidad, de satisfacción plena, expectativa presentada como relato, vivenciada como metaficción: lo nombrado cobra la forma de dicho verbo y solo así es ahora experimentado.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"&gt;Es un hecho el que distintas culturas tienen distintos conceptos de felicidad; existen desacuerdos respecto a dicho concepto incluso entre los individuos de una misma cultura, de una misma sociedad, de una misma familia. Existen distintas ideas respecto a que es lo que nos puede traer la felicidad, ideas radicalmente opuestas; alguien dice esto es bueno, alguien dice de lo mismo: es lo más nefasto; pero dicha disparidad se refiere a los caminos, a los métodos y a los objetos que nos la pueden brindar. Esos caminos, métodos y objetos incumben al ámbito de las elaboraciones, de las hipótesis y la metaficción: los programas del placer, -desde el ermitañismo a la intoxicación-adicción en masa, del egocentrismo al altruismo, del amor a la neurosis- cruzando éste por las distintas circunstancias de vida y disposiciones psíquicas de los individuos. Sin embargo, dichas divergencias tratan de la cascara, de las manifestaciones externas de una estructura interna: el concepto de felicidad del que hablamos ahora en este ensayo es algo muy básico que podemos distinguir como elemento común, base, raíz, a cualquier&amp;nbsp; idea por contrapuesta que esta sea, que quien sea pueda tener&amp;nbsp; respecto a lo que es la felicidad. Hablamos aquí, pues, de la búsqueda de la satisfacción, del goce, del placer, como movimiento hacia la liberación o superación del sufrimiento, -anuncio de nuestra aniquilación, de nuestra muerte-. Esta es la estructura central sobre la que se construye la divergencia.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"&gt;La cultura: la promesa de la felicidad, el augurio de un gran mal.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"&gt;Las revoluciones, las más violentas y sanguinarias nacen de esta búsqueda humana de la felicidad, los más grandes crímenes, el más grande altruismo y las más grandes obras: el arte, el desarrollo del conocimiento científico y el desarrollo de toda filosofía. La cultura es pues esta búsqueda y promesa de la felicidad. Habrá que sacrificar todo por ella. Incluso, la gratuidad feliz del placer presente. ¿Es ahí donde el sueño de la cultura se convierte en una ingrata pesadilla?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"&gt;Si el sentido de la vida es la felicidad, la pregunta de importancia entonces es: ¿cuál es el alcance de nuestros métodos respecto a esta expectativa? Ahí la historia del pensamiento humano: “&lt;i&gt;Si hubiera que escribir la única historia significativa del pensamiento humano, sería la de sus arrepentimientos sucesivos y sus impotencias&lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Desktop/evaluaci%C3%B3n%20psicoanalisis%20-%20eduardo%20medina.docx#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"&gt;[4]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;”. El animal humano permanece insatisfecho. La posición de Freud no es una nihilista, ni una pesimista, es evidente como la cultura si nos otorga satisfactores efectivos, seria hipócrita una crítica que n
